Steffgen / Gollwitzer Emotions and Aggressive Behavior
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-1-61676-343-5
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, 240 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-61676-343-5
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Preface;4
1.1;Part 1: Historiography of Research on Emotions and Aggression;4
1.2;Part 2: Emotion-Based Motives and Measures of Aggression;4
1.3;Part 3: Anger and Aggression;5
1.4;Part 4: Emotions and Aggression in Intergroup Contexts;6
1.5;Part 5: Emotions and Aggression in a Developmental Perspective;6
1.6;Acknowledgments;7
2;List of Contributors;8
3;Table of Contents;10
4;1 Historiography of Research on Aggression and Emotion and Their Intersection in the Last Quarter of the 20th Century (Gabriel Schui and Günter Krampen);14
4.1;Method;15
4.2;Results;19
4.3;Conclusion;25
4.4;References;26
5;2 Emotion-Based Aggression Motives (Leo Montada);30
5.1;Aggression as an Action;30
5.2;What Does Aggression Mean?;31
5.3;Possibilities for Aggression Prevention;33
5.4;Investigating Preconditions for Aggression and Violence;34
5.5;Emotion: A Syndrome With Five Components;36
5.6;Emotions That Motivate Aggressive and Conflict-Prone Behavior;38
5.7;Regulation and Self-Regulation of Emotions With a Human-;43
5.8;Psychological Approach;43
5.9;References;45
6;3 Implicit and Explicit Measures for Analyzing the Aggression of Computer Gamers (Matthias Bluemke and Joerg Zumbach);49
6.1;Introduction;49
6.2;Advantages of Implicit Measures;50
6.3;Linking Aggression to Automatic Affective Processes;51
6.4;Procedure of Implicit Association Tests;52
6.5;Models Related to Aggressive Affect, Cognition, and Behavior;53
6.6;Overview of the Current Study;56
6.7;Method;57
6.8;Discussion;63
6.9;References;66
7;4 Angry Emotions and Aggressive Behaviors (Roy F. Baumeister and Brad J. Bushman);72
7.1;Theoretical Perspectives;72
7.2;Role of Specific Emotions on Aggression;76
7.3;Conclusion;83
7.4;References;84
8;5 The Functional Neuroanatomy of Anger and Aggression (Sylvia Richter, Kirsten Jordan, and Torsten Wüstenberg);87
8.1;Neuroscience and Functional Imaging;87
8.2;Investigating Anger and Aggression – Why There Is a Difference;91
8.3;The Functional Neuroanatomy of Anger;92
8.4;The Functional Neuroanatomy of Aggression;95
8.5;The Way In-Between: Investigating the Neurophysiology of the Anger Trait;97
8.6;Future Directions in the Neuroscience of Anger and Aggression;101
8.7;References;103
9;6 Does Anger Treatment Reduce Aggressive Behavior? (Georges Steffgen and Jan Pfetsch);105
9.1;Introduction;105
9.2;Definition and Theory of Anger and Aggression;105
9.3;Treatment of Anger and Aggression;111
9.4;Comparative and Meta-Analytic Studies Regarding Anger;114
9.5;Indication and Target Groups;117
9.6;Principles for Use of Anger Treatment to Reduce Aggressive Behavior;119
9.7;References;121
10;7 How Affective is Revenge? (Mario Gollwitzer);126
10.1;Revenge and Retribution;126
10.2;Revenge, Aggression, and Justice-Related Emotions;127
10.3;Overview of the Present Research;129
10.4;Discussion;136
10.5;References;138
11;8 Intergroup Aggression and Emotions (Ulrich Wagner and Oliver Christ);144
11.1;Facts and Definitions;144
11.2;A Framework for Understanding Hate Crimes;147
11.3;A Social Identity Model of Hate Crime Behavior;150
11.4;A Partial Test of the Influence of Prejudice and Emotions on Aggression;152
11.5;Against Foreigners in Germany;152
11.6;Resume and Outlook;155
12;9 Emotions in Negative Intergroup Relations: An Affective Route to Outgroup Derogation (Kerstin Schütte and Thomas Kessler);160
12.1;Outgroup Derogation – A Group Level Phenomenon;161
12.2;The Triggered Displaced Aggression Paradigm;163
12.3;Affect in Intergroup Relations – Group-Based Emotions;166
12.4;Empirical Evidence on the Affective Route to Outgroup Derogation;168
12.5;Conclusions;170
12.6;References;171
12.7;Introduction;178
13;10 Tight Bonds or Loose Associations? (Angela Ittel);178
13.1;Method;182
13.2;Results;185
13.3;Discussion;189
13.4;References;192
14;11 Moral Emotions and Aggressive Behavior in Childhood (Tina Malti);196
14.1;Method;199
14.2;Results;202
14.3;Discussion;206
14.4;References;209
14.5;Introduction;212
15;12 Emotion, Aggression, and the Meaning of Prevention in Early Childhood (Florian Juen, Doris Peham, Barbara Juen, and Cord Benecke);212
15.1;Outcomes of Aggression;213
15.2;Aggression and Aggressive Behavior;215
15.3;Developmental Aspects;217
15.4;Aggression and Empathy;219
15.5;Gender Differences;220
15.6;Aspects of Prevention;221
15.7;Implications for Intervention and Prevention;221
15.8;References;223
16;13 Preschool Prevention of Emotional-Social Disorders and Aggressive Behavior (Johannes Bach);226
16.1;Introduction: Emotional-Social Disorders in Childhood;226
16.2;Program PESS (Prevention of Emotional-Social Disorders for Children;232
16.3;with Special Needs);232
16.4;Conclusion;238
16.5;References;238
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2 Emotion-Based Aggression Motives (p. 19-20)
Leo Montada
For the analysis of aggression, two approaches in research and practice are to be distinguished: an action theoretical approach and an approach focusing on determinants of aggressive behavior. The important defining elements of both will be roughly contrasted, but controversies about definitions will be omitted (cf. Greve, 1994, Straub &, Werbik, 1999). Both approaches imply distinct anthropological presumptions and provide distinct knowledge that allow for the generation of distinct options for preventing aggression.
Aggression as an Action
Aggression as an action (cf. Gollwitzer, 2005) implies the presumption that humans have freedom of decision for which they are accountable. Consequently, actors can be considered responsible for their own behavior. (In this chapter the terms actor and agent are used synonymously for individuals who supposedly have freedom of decision and control of their actions.) Actions are understandable if their motives and goals are known. In this context, understanding means to grasp the reason for the behavior. Accordingly, one goal of research is to identify the variety of motives and goals of aggressive actions to provide motivational hypotheses for the understanding of single cases of aggressive behavior.
Using the usual explanatory approach, aggression is conceived of as behavior that is explainable by antecedent variables which are theoretically conceived of as conditions. Research in this vein serves to establish empirical laws specifying such conditions or "determinants." In this approach, responsibility or guilt cannot be attributed. This chapter considers the motivational impact of emotions on aggressive actions. It begins with the basic assumption that some emotions motivate aggressive behavior. This can be understood when we consider an emotional response to be a function of subjective appraisals of an incident (cf. Lazarus, 2001, Reisenzein, Meyer, &, Schützwohl, 2003). "Incident" is a term for any event, person, behavior, thought, imagination, story, memory, etc. "eliciting or evoking" an emotion. "Eliciting or evoking" is put in quotation marks because a subject’s emotions are not caused by the incident. An emotion expresses a specific personal significance that a subject attributes to the incident.
For each specific or discrete category of emotion – e.g., fear, resentment, shame, or envy – a model can be conceptualized depicting the specific significance or meaning that subjects attribute to an incident. These models provide hypotheses about which motives may be evoked by a specific or discrete category of emotion. As many emotions are experienced as aversive, subjects are motivated to avoid them, to reduce their intensity, or to get rid of them. For some emotions, aggressive actions subjectively seem to func tion as an option to satisfy these motives. Thus, aggressive actions can be understood by looking at the aggressor’s emotions.
In this chapter, I will not attempt to explain aggressive behavior from objectively definable and assessable preconditions. Instead, I intend to outline a basis for the interpretation of (or for grasping the reason for) the subjective functionality of aggression. This concern does not correspond to a conception of psychology as a natural science. Rather, it corresponds to a human-psychological program that focuses on the psychological particularities of homo sapiens (Jüttemann, 2004). By its nature, homo sapiens generates theories, beliefs, and convictions - about the self, other humans, social relationships, about the world and beyond. It is also innate to humans to build cultures and to create normative standards for the evaluation of behavior and of all facets of social life and social relationships (Montada, 2004).
All of the theories, beliefs, and opinions, which are mostly culturally shaped, hold the key for understanding actions and their motives (cf. Lenk, 1987). Nota bene: To understand them does not imply to approve of them as right or justified. Whether theories and convictions are right or wrong, whether normative standards are wise or dumb, and whether cultures and organizations hinder or promote the unfolding of potentials and good development: We need to know these theories, beliefs, and opinions in order to be able to understand humans and their behavior, to provide options for solving problems, and to generate options for better cooperative living. This is the approach proposed to clarify the relationship between emotions and aggressive behavior. An exhaustive literature review would go beyond the scope of this chapter. Instead, this chapter is conceived as a framework of analysis that can be used as a heuristic for understanding emotions and emotion-based aggression.
