E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 455 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm
Stöfen-O'Brien The International and European Legal Regime Regulating Marine Litter in the EU
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7017-3
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
E-Book, Englisch, Band 6, 455 Seiten, Format (B × H): 153 mm x 227 mm
ISBN: 978-3-8452-7017-3
Verlag: Nomos
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Each year approximately 6.4 million tons of waste reach our oceans. The consequences of this pollutant are manifold and encompass environmental, economic and potentially also human health impacts. The book is the first monography to address regulatory responses to marine litter in a comprehensive way. The author analyses the applicable regulatory instruments addressing the introduction of marine litter and identifies gaps and loopholes in the regulatory systems of international and European law applicable to the four seas surrounding the European Union. Based on a factual discussion of the sources and impacts of marine litter, these instruments are systematically studied and reflected with a view to their effectiveness to prevent its introduction. Marine litter stands symbolic for the use of resources and the findings of the monography can be used as recommendations to address this issue.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Technische Wissenschaften Umwelttechnik | Umwelttechnologie Abfallwirtschaft, Abfallentsorgung
- Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales Verwaltungs-, Umwelt- und Gesundheitsrecht
- Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Europarecht Europäisches Verwaltungs-, Umwelt- und Gesundheitsrecht
- Rechtswissenschaften Internationales Recht und Europarecht Internationales Recht Internationales See-, Luft- und Weltraumrecht
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Abfallbeseitigung, Abfallentsorgung
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Cover;1
2; Introduction;20
3;Chapter 1: Sources and consequences of marine litter;29
3.1;A. Sources of marine litter;29
3.1.1;I. Landward factors and activities leading to the introduction of waste into the marine environment;30
3.1.1.1;1. Urban agglomerations;32
3.1.1.2;2. Sanitary and sewage-related waste;32
3.1.1.3;3. Pollution from waste disposal;33
3.1.1.4;4. Tourism and recreational activities;34
3.1.2;II. Uses of the ocean that lead to marine litter;34
3.1.2.1;1. Shipping;36
3.1.2.1.1;a) Operational pollution;36
3.1.2.1.2;b) Accidental pollution;37
3.1.2.2;2. Fisheries;38
3.2;B. Classification and types of marine litter;39
3.2.1;I. Spatial appearance of marine litter;41
3.2.2;II. Monitoring of litter in the marine environment;43
3.3;C. Consequences and impacts of marine litter;45
3.3.1;I. Ecological impacts;46
3.3.1.1;1. Entanglement;46
3.3.1.2;2. Transport vectors for hitch-hiking of non-native species and smothering of marine habitat;48
3.3.2;II. Toxicological influences of marine litter by ingestion;48
3.3.2.1;1. Chemicals contained in plastic;50
3.3.2.2;2. Material science of plastic;51
3.3.2.3;3. Microplastics;53
3.3.2.3.1;a) Primary microplastic;54
3.3.2.3.2;b) Secondary microplastic;55
3.3.2.4;4. The uptake of microplastics;56
3.3.2.5;5. Adsorption of chemicals and metals onto microplastics;57
3.3.2.6;6. Trophical transfer of persistent microplastics;60
3.3.2.7;7. Toxicological considerations;60
3.3.3;III. Socio-economic impacts;64
3.3.4;IV. Preliminary conclusion;65
3.4;D. Preliminary conclusion – Uncertainties and knowledge gaps;66
3.5;E. Requirements for an effective and integrated protection instrument;68
4;Chapter 2: Global regulatory framework relating to marine litter;71
4.1;A. Principles and their approaches to address marine litter;71
4.1.1;I. Polluter-pays-principle;74
4.1.1.1;1. The application of the polluter-pays-principle in agreements;75
4.1.1.2;2. Function of the polluter-pays-principle in marine litter context;76
4.1.2;II. The role of the preventive principle in a marine litter context;77
4.1.3;III. The precautionary principle;81
4.1.3.1;1. The implementation of the precautionary principle in the context of the introduction of polluting substances in the marine environment;83
4.1.3.2;2. The precautionary principle in the marine litter context - how to interpret risks and uncertainty?;86
4.2;B. Marine litter considerations in the development of environmental law;88
4.3;C. UNCLOS;94
4.3.1;I. The UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – framing marine environmental protection activities;94
4.3.2;II. The definition of marine pollution in the context of regulatory measures;95
4.3.3;III. The obligation to preserve and protect the marine environment as stipulated by UNCLOS in the context of marine litter regulation;97
4.3.4;IV. Pollution from land-based sources;101
4.3.4.1;1. Prescriptive jurisdiction;101
4.3.4.2;2. Enforcement of land-based pollution;103
4.3.5;V. The regulation of ocean-based pollution;106
4.3.5.1;1. Dumping as a source of marine litter;106
4.3.5.2;2. Operational pollution from seagoing vessels;107
4.3.5.3;3. Enforcement measures of ocean-based pollution prevention measures;111
4.3.5.4;4. Enforcement by coastal States;113
4.3.5.5;5. Enforcement through port States;115
4.3.5.6;6. Discussion on scenarios;118
4.3.5.7;7. Preliminary Conclusion;119
4.3.6;VI. The duty to co-operate as endorsed by UNCLOS and its implication for marine litter regulation;120
4.3.7;VII. Marine litter considerations in semi-enclosed seas under UNCLOS;122
4.3.8;VIII. Preliminary conclusion;123
4.4;D. The implementation and substantiation of environmental standards in public international law;125
4.4.1;I. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL);125
4.4.1.1;1. MARPOL Annex V Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships;128
4.4.1.1.1;a) Role of the distinction between special areas and outside Special Areas under MARPOL Annex V for the regulation of marine litter;129
4.4.1.1.2;b) Discharge standards;131
4.4.1.1.3;c) Operational requirements under MARPOL;135
4.4.1.1.4;d) Port reception facilities;137
4.4.1.1.5;e) Port State Control;139
4.4.1.2;2. Preliminary Conclusion;141
4.4.2;II. The regulation of dumping as a source of marine litter;142
4.4.2.1;1. Marine litter aspects in the LC;146
4.4.2.2;2. Aspects of marine litter considerations in the LP;147
4.4.2.3;3. Boundary issues between the LC/LP and MARPOL Annex V;150
4.4.2.4;4. The dumping regime in the context of land-based waste management;152
4.4.2.5;5. Preliminary conclusion;153
4.4.3;III. The regulatory framework of land-based marine litter in the absence of a legally-binding global agreement;154
4.4.3.1;1. Marine litter issues in the development of global land-based pollution measures;156
4.4.3.2;2. Implications of marine litter as a priority contaminant in the framework of the GPA;157
4.4.3.3;3. The role of the GPA to overcome the fragmented approach in addressing marine litter;160
4.5;E. Conclusion;161
5;Chapter 3: The role of the European Regional Seas Conventions to prevent the introduction of marine litter;165
5.1;A. UNEP´s Marine Litter Initiative and the Regional Seas Conventions;166
5.2;B. Marine litter in the regulatory framework of the Baltic Sea;169
5.2.1;I. The institutional framework established by the Helsinki Convention;172
5.2.2;II. Primary and secondary Helsinki Convention provisions regarding pollution;174
5.2.2.1;1. The land-based pollution approach of the Helsinki Convention;177
5.2.2.2;2. The prevention of pollution from ships;179
5.2.2.2.1;a) Port Reception Facilities;180
5.2.2.2.2;b) The no-special-fee-system as a means to reduce vessel-based pollution;182
5.2.2.2.3;c) The role of the polluter-pays-principle and cost recovery;184
5.2.2.3;3. The role of monitoring of marine litter;187
5.2.3;III. Preliminary Conclusion;188
5.3;C. Marine litter regulations in the North-East Atlantic;190
5.3.1;I. The regulatory framework of the North-East Atlantic;190
5.3.2;II. Ship-based pollution prevention in the framework of the OSPAR Convention;193
5.3.3;III. Monitoring obligations under the OSPAR Convention;195
5.3.4;IV. The use of ecosystem quality criteria to assess the impact and presence of marine litter;197
5.3.5;V. Marine litter in the framework of OSPARCOM;200
5.3.6;VI. Preliminary Conclusion;203
5.4;D. The regulation of marine litter in the Black Sea Region;204
5.4.1;I. The legal framework of the Black Sea Region;205
5.4.1.1;1. Measures to address riverine inputs and other land-based pollution;211
5.4.1.2;2. Critical analysis of the dumping regime as established by the Bucharest Convention;217
5.4.2;II. Marine litter in the overall regulatory framework of the Black Sea Commission;219
5.4.3;III. Preliminary Conclusion;222
5.5;E. The regulatory scope of the Mediterranean regarding marine litter;223
5.5.1;I. Marine litter in the context of the Barcelona Convention and UNEP/MAP;228
5.5.2;II. Integrated Coastal Zone Management as an instrument to regulate coastal sources of marine litter;233
5.5.3;III. Preliminary Conclusion;237
5.6;F. Regional Action Plans;238
5.7;G. Conclusion on the scope and regulatory techniques for preventing marine litter contained in the four European Regional Seas Conventions;246
6;Chapter 4: Marine litter in the regulatory context of European Union law;252
6.1;A. The distribution of competences of the EU institutions;253
6.1.1;I. EU environmental objectives from a marine litter perspective;255
6.1.2;II. The principles of EU environmental policy;257
6.1.2.1;1. The polluter-pays-principle;259
6.1.2.2;2. The source-principle;261
6.1.2.3;3. The precautionary principle;263
6.2;B. Marine litter considerations in secondary EU law;265
6.2.1;I. Setting the background: marine litter in the overall strategic work;266
6.2.2;II. Secondary EU law–legislative procedure;269
6.2.3;III. Categorisation of relevant secondary legal instruments touching on the question of marine litter;271
6.2.4;IV. Selection of most pertinent issues and instruments;275
6.2.5;V. Source-related legislation;276
6.2.5.1;1. The waste management system established by EU law;277
6.2.5.1.1;a) The regulatory system established by the Waste Framework Directive;277
6.2.5.1.2;b) Marine litter in the context of the definition of waste under the Waste Framework Directive;280
6.2.5.1.3;c) The relevance of the Waste Framework Directive in the marine litter context;282
6.2.5.2;2. Addressing identified point sources of marine litter: the role of the Landfill Directive;283
6.2.5.2.1;a) Plastic in the context of the definition of non-hazardous waste under the Landfill Directive;284
6.2.5.2.2;b) Evaluation of the regulatory approach of the Landfill Directive with a view to marine litter considerations;286
6.2.5.2.3;c) Issues of implementation: the Zakynthos-case;289
6.2.5.2.4;d) The interlink between waste management law and biodiversity protection;292
6.2.5.2.5;e) Role of reporting and information;293
6.2.5.2.6;f) Excursus: Measures reducing the impacts of plastic from landfills;295
6.2.5.2.7;g) Preliminary Conclusion;298
6.2.5.3;3. The adoption of more stringent national measures: the classification of a ban of plastic bags in EU law;299
6.2.5.3.1;a) The applicability of the Packaging and Waste Packaging Directive;301
6.2.5.3.2;b) Essential requirements under the Waste Packaging Directive;303
6.2.5.3.3;c) The derogation clause under Art. 114 TFEU;306
6.2.5.3.4;d) Preliminary conclusion;309
6.2.5.4;4. The Green Paper on a European Strategy on Plastic Waste in the Environment and the proposal for amending waste legislation;312
6.2.5.5;5. Preliminary Conclusion;315
6.2.5.6;6. Port Reception Facilities Directive–a mechanism to address operational vessel-based pollution;316
6.2.5.6.1;a) General framework;316
6.2.5.6.2;b) Critical evaluation of the elements of the PRF Directive;319
6.2.5.6.2.1;aa) Notification;319
6.2.5.6.2.2;bb) The fee and cost-recovery system of the PRF Directive;321
6.2.5.6.2.3;cc) Inspections;325
6.2.5.6.2.4;dd) Waste Handling Plans;326
6.2.5.6.3;c) Proposal for a Port Reception Facility Directive;326
6.2.5.6.4;d) Preliminary Conclusion;328
6.2.5.7;7. Preliminary Conclusion;328
6.2.6;VI. Impact related legislation;329
6.2.6.1;1. The Water Framework Directive;330
6.2.6.1.1;a) The management units of the WFD– the river basin districts;331
6.2.6.1.2;b) The regulatory approach to protect surface waters under the WFD;333
6.2.6.1.2.1;aa) Determining GEcS;334
6.2.6.1.2.2;bb) Good chemical status;335
6.2.6.1.3;c) Marine litter considerations despite a clear reference in the WFD?;336
6.2.6.1.3.1;aa) The use of quality elements for GEcS for the classification of marine litter;336
6.2.6.1.3.2;bb) Marine litter in the context of chemical pollution of surface waters;337
6.2.6.1.4;d) The combined approach to control point and diffuse sources– addressing microplastics;341
6.2.6.1.5;e) Preliminary remarks;344
6.2.6.1.6;f) The transboundary co-operation obligations of the WFD in light of marine litter considerations;345
6.2.6.1.7;g) Preliminary Conclusion;350
6.2.6.2;2. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the context of the marine litter discourse;351
6.2.6.2.1;a) The geographical scope of the MSFD;352
6.2.6.2.2;b) The aim to achieve a Good Environmental Status by 2020 and the context of “polluting effects”;353
6.2.6.2.3;c) Cyclical assessment of the marine environment;354
6.2.6.2.3.1;aa) Assessment of marine waters;356
6.2.6.2.3.2;bb) The challenge to determine the GES for marine litter;358
6.2.6.2.3.3;cc) Descriptor 10 on marine litter: legal challenges;359
6.2.6.2.3.3.1;(1) Interpretation of the wording of the provision;360
6.2.6.2.3.3.2;(2) Legislative historical interpretation;361
6.2.6.2.3.3.3;(3) The effet utile interpretation of descriptor 10 MSFD;363
6.2.6.2.3.3.4;(4) The challenge to determine “harm” in the context of descriptor 10 MSFD;365
6.2.6.2.3.3.5;(5) Establishing criteria and indicators for descriptor 10: the Commission Decision on criteria for good environmental status of marine waters;367
6.2.6.2.3.4;dd) Determination of targets for marine litter;369
6.2.6.2.3.5;ee) Monitoring programmes;373
6.2.6.2.4;d) Marine Strategies: Programme of measures;375
6.2.6.2.5;e) The reference to a public international law instrument by EU law;378
6.2.6.2.5.1;aa) EU as an actor in international public law;379
6.2.6.2.5.2;bb) Regional Seas Conventions as an instrument to implement the MSFD;380
6.2.6.2.5.3;cc) Aspects of institutionalised co-operation by means of the integration of marine litter related MSFD issues in the work and programs of the Regional Seas Conventions;382
6.2.6.2.6;f) Marine litter in the context of the GES by 2020;384
6.2.6.2.7;g) Preliminary conclusion;385
6.3;C. Conclusion concerning EU law;387
7; Conclusion and Summary;392
8; Bibliography;408
8.1;I. International instruments and cases;408
8.2;II. European Union;421
8.3;III. The Group of 7 (G7);429
8.4;IV. Literature;429
8.5;V. Internet sources;453
8.6;VI. Presentations;454
