Tadros Formulation of Disperse Systems

Science and Technology
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-3-527-67830-3
Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 504 Seiten, E-Book

Formulation science plays an important role in colloid and physical chemistry, but also in analytical chemistry and chemical engineering. For the design of such everyday products as detergents, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, food and others, different formulation techniques are needed.   Written by one of the most experienced authors and leading scientists in the field worldwide, this is the first truly comprehensive coverage of this exciting topic. Starting with a general introduction, this one-stop reference presents the science and technology behind the formulation of disperse systems, such as emulsions, suspensions, and foams, while also including many practical examples.   With its unified concept, this book is indispensable for chemists in industry, chemical engineers, the pharmaceutical industry, polymer, surface and physical chemists, as well as food technologists, materials scientists and those working in the paints and coatings industry.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tadros, Tharwat F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface   GENERAL INTRODUCTION Suspensions Latexes Emulsions Suspoemulsions Multiple Emulsions Nanosuspensions Nanoemulsions Microemulsions Pigment and Ink Dispersions Foams   SURFACTANTS USED IN FORMULATION OF DISPERSIONS General Classification of Surface-Active Agents   PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS AND THE PROCESS OF MICELLISATION Thermodynamics of Micellisation Enthalpy and Entropy of Micellisation   DISPERSANTS AND POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS Solution Properties of Polymeric Surfactants General Classification of Polymeric Surfactants Polyelectrolytes   ADSORPTION OF SURFACTANTS AT THE AIR/LIQUID, LIQUID/LIQUID, AND SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACES Introduction Adsorption of Surfactants at the Air/Liquid (A/L) and Liquid/Liquid (L/L) Interfaces The Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm Equation of State Approach The Langmuir, Szyszkowski, and Frumkin Equations Interfacial Tension Measurements Adsorption of Surfactants at the Solid/Liquid (S/L) Interface   ADSORPTION OF POLYMERIC SURFACTANTS AT THE SOLID/LIQUID INTERFACE Theories of Polymer Adsorption Experimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Surfactant Adsorption Determination of Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer Thickness Examples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants   COLLOID STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYERS Origin of Charge on Surfaces Structure of the Electrical Double Layer Stern-Grahame Model of the Double Layer Distinction between Specific and Nonspecific Adsorbed Ions Electrical Double Layer Repulsion van der Waals Attraction Total Energy of Interaction Flocculation of Suspensions Criteria for Stabilisation of Dispersions with Double Layer Interaction   STABILITY OF DISPERSE SYSTEMS CONTAINING ADSORBED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS OR POLYMERS: STERIC STABILISATION Introduction Interaction between Particles Containing Adsorbed Nonionic and Polymeric Surfactant Layers (Steric Stabilisation) Mixing Interaction Gmix Elastic Interaction Gel Total Energy of Interaction Criteria for Effective Steric Stabilisation Flocculation of Sterically Stabilised Dispersions   FORMULATION OF SOLID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (SUSPENSIONS) Introduction Preparation of Suspensions Condensation Methods: Nucleation and Growth Dispersion Methods Bulk Properties of Suspensions   FORMULATION OF LIQUID/LIQUID DISPERSIONS (EMULSIONS) Introduction Industrial Applications of Emulsions Physical Chemistry of Emulsion Systems Adsorption of Surfactants at the Liquid/Liquid Interface Selection of Emulsifiers Creaming or Sedimentation of Emulsions Flocculation of Emulsions General Rules for Reducing (Eliminating) Flocculation Ostwald Ripening Emulsion Coalescence Phase Inversion   FORMULATION OF SUSPOEMULSIONS (MIXTURES OF SUSPENSIONS AND EMULSIONS) Introduction Suspoemulsions in Paints Suspoemulsions in Agrochemicals   FORMULATION OF MULTIPLE EMULSIONS Introduction Preparation of Multiple Emulsions Types of Multiple Emulsions Breakdown Processes of Multiple Emulsions Factors Affecting Stability of Multiple Emulsions, and Criteria for Their Stabilisation General Description of Polymeric Surfactants Interaction between Oil or Water Droplets Containing an Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant: Steric Stabilisation Examples of Multiple Emulsions Using Polymeric Surfactants Characterisation of Multiple Emulsions Rheological Measurements   PREPARATION OF NANOSUSPENSIONS Introduction Nucleation and Growth, and Control of Particle Size Distribution Preparation of Nanosuspensions by Bottom-Up Processes Preparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down Process   FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSIONS Introduction Mechanism of Emulsification Methods of Emulsification and the Role of Surfactants Preparation of Nanoemulsions Steric Stabilisation and the Role of the Adsorbed Layer Thickness   FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSIONS Introduction Thermodynamic Definition of Microemulsions Mixed-Film and Solubilisation Theories of Microemulsions Thermodynamic Theory of Microemulsion Formation Characterisati

Über Autor(innen)

Tharwat F. Tadros is a consultant for various chemical industries. After finishing his PhD at Alexandria University, he was appointed lecturer in Physical Chemistry (1962-1966) at the same university. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical at the Agricultural University of Wageningen and T.N.O in Delft, the Netherlands. Thereafter he worked at I.C.I. and ZENECA until 1994, where he researched various fields of surfactants, emulsions, suspensions, microemulsions, wetting spreading and adhesion, and rheology. During that period he was also appointed visiting professor at Imperial College London, Bristol University and Reading University. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid and Interface Science. Since leaving ZENECA, Dr. Tadros has worked as a consultant and also given several courses in his specialized field. He is the recipient of two medals from the Royal Society of Chemistry in the UK, and has more than 250 scientific papers to his name.