Tamanoi Natural Products and Cancer Signaling: Isoprenoids, Polyphenols and Flavonoids

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-0-12-802527-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band Volume 36, 282 Seiten

Reihe: The Enzymes

Natural compounds from a variety of natural resources including plants have emerged as important source of anticancer drug development. This special issue will highlight the significant advance in elucidating mechanisms of action of these natural compounds, focusing especially on isoprenoids and polyphenols/flavonoids. - Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field - Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tamanoi, Fuyuhiko

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;The Enzymes: Natural Products and Cancer Signaling: Isoprenoids, Polyphenols and Flavonoids;4
3;Copyright;5
4;Contents;6
5;Contributors;10
6;Preface;14
7;Chapter One: Introduction;16
7.1;References;21
8;Chapter Two: Perillyl Alcohol (Monoterpene Alcohol), Limonene;22
8.1;1. Introduction;23
8.2;2. Perillyl Alcohol;27
8.2.1;2.1. Perillyl Alcohol Mechanism of Action in Cancer Therapy and Pharmacokinetics;27
8.2.2;2.2. Perillyl Alcohol Biosafety and Adverse Effects in Clinical Application and Clinical Trials;30
8.3;3. Limonene;31
8.3.1;3.1. Limonene Pharmacokinetics;31
8.3.2;3.2. Limonene Anticancer Activity and Clinical Trials;33
8.3.3;3.3. Limonene Mechanisms of Action, Targets, and Clinical Applications;34
8.3.4;3.4. Limonene Biosafety and Adverse Effects;39
8.4;4. Concluding Remarks;40
8.5;Acknowledgment;41
8.6;References;41
9;Chapter Three: Ganoderic Acid and Lucidenic Acid (Triterpenoid);48
9.1;1. Introduction;49
9.2;2. Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids from Ganoderma Species;50
9.2.1;2.1. The Sources of Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids;50
9.2.2;2.2. The Biosynthesis of Ganoderic Acids;51
9.2.3;2.3. Optimization of the Fermentation Process;56
9.3;3. Biological Functions of Lucidenic Acids and Ganoderic Acids;58
9.3.1;3.1. Cytotoxic and Apoptotic Effects;58
9.3.2;3.2. Cell Cycle Arrest;60
9.3.3;3.3. Anti-invasive Effect;60
9.3.4;3.4. Autophagy;63
9.3.5;3.5. Anti-inflammatory Effect;64
9.3.6;3.6. Antiosteoclastogenesis;64
9.3.7;3.7. Antiasthma;64
9.3.8;3.8. Antihepatitis B Activity;65
9.4;4. Pharmacokinetics of Ganoderic Acids;65
9.5;5. Conclusion;66
9.6;References;67
10;Chapter Four: Anticancer Effect and Molecular Targets of Saffron Carotenoids;72
10.1;1. Introduction;74
10.2;2. Anticancer Effect of Saffron and Its Carotenoids;74
10.3;3. Comparing the Efficacy of Crocetin, Crocin, and Other Components;75
10.4;4. Liposome Formulation of Saffron Compounds;79
10.5;5. Effect of Crocetin and Crocin on Macromolecule Synthesis and Structure;81
10.5.1;5.1. Effect on DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis;81
10.5.2;5.2. Protein Binding;82
10.6;6. Effects on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and Signaling Pathways;83
10.7;7. Role of Saffron Components on Chemoprevention;86
10.8;8. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Protective Effect of Saffron Components against Various Damages in Different Tissues;88
10.9;9. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Saffron;91
10.10;10. Safety;93
10.11;11. Other Mechanisms;93
10.12;12. Conclusions;94
10.13;References;94
11;Chapter Five: Zerumbone from Ginger (Monoterpenoid);102
11.1;1. Introduction;103
11.2;2. Characteristic Feature;104
11.3;3. Target Pathways by Zerumbone;104
11.3.1;3.1. Survival;104
11.3.1.1;3.1.1. Caspase Family;104
11.3.1.2;3.1.2. Bcl Family;104
11.3.1.3;3.1.3. c-FLIP;105
11.3.1.4;3.1.4. G2/M Cell Cycle;105
11.3.2;3.2. Proliferation;105
11.3.2.1;3.2.1. Cyclin B1/CDK1;105
11.3.2.2;3.2.2. Tumor Necrosis Factor;105
11.3.3;3.3. Invasion;105
11.3.4;3.4. Angiogenesis;105
11.4;4. Nuclear Factor-Kappa B;106
11.5;5. Future Perspectives;106
11.6;References;107
12;Chapter Six: Research Progress on Natural Triterpenoid Saponins in the Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy of Cancer;110
12.1;1. Introduction;111
12.2;2. Triterpenoid Saponins in the Prevention and Therapy of Cancers;112
12.3;3. Anticancer Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Triterpenoid Saponins;113
12.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Proliferation;113
12.3.2;3.2. Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy;125
12.3.2.1;3.2.1. Apoptosis;125
12.3.2.2;3.2.2. Autophagy;128
12.3.3;3.3. Attenuation of Invasion and Metastasis;129
12.3.4;3.4. Inhibition of Angiogenesis;130
12.3.5;3.5. Anti-inflammatory Effects;132
12.3.6;3.6. Antioxidative Effects;133
12.3.7;3.7. Inhibition of Multidrug Resistance;133
12.3.8;3.8. Inhibition of CSCs;134
12.3.9;3.9. Modulation of MicroRNAs;135
12.4;4. Structure-Activity Relationships of Anticancer Activities of Triterpenoid Saponins;136
12.5;5. Clinical Studies;137
12.6;6. Summary and Perspectives;138
12.7;References;139
13;Chapter Seven: Neem Limonoids as Anticancer Agents: Modulation of Cancer Hallmarks and Oncogenic Signaling;146
13.1;1. Introduction;147
13.2;2. Cytotoxicity of Neem Limonoids;148
13.3;3. Neem Limonoids and Hallmarks of Cancer;151
13.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation;151
13.3.2;3.2. Apoptosis Induction;153
13.3.3;3.3. Effects on Tumor Invasion and Angiogenesis;154
13.3.4;3.4. Anti-Inflammatory Effects;154
13.3.5;3.5. Immunomodulatory Effects;154
13.3.6;3.6. Antioxidant Activity;155
13.4;4. Oncogenic Signaling;155
13.4.1;4.1. NF-.B Signaling;155
13.4.2;4.2. Wnt/ß-Catenin Signaling;156
13.4.3;4.3. PI3K/Akt Signaling;156
13.4.4;4.4. MAPK Signaling;157
13.4.5;4.5. JAK/STAT Signaling;157
13.5;5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives;157
13.6;References;158
14;Chapter Eight: Curcumin: A Potent Modulator of Multiple Enzymes in Multiple Cancers;164
14.1;1. Introduction;165
14.2;2. Structure-Activity Relationship of Curcumin;167
14.3;3. Curcumin Binds and Modulates Multiple Enzymes;168
14.3.1;3.1. Lipoxygenases;169
14.3.2;3.2. Cyclooxygenases;169
14.3.3;3.3. Xanthine Oxidase;170
14.3.4;3.4. Proteasomes;170
14.3.5;3.5. Ca2+-ATPase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum;171
14.3.6;3.6. Matrix Metalloproteinases;172
14.3.7;3.7. Histone Acetyltransferases and Deacetylases;172
14.3.8;3.8. DNA Methyltransferase 1;173
14.3.9;3.9. DNA Polymerase .;174
14.3.10;3.10. Ribonucleases;174
14.3.11;3.11. Glyoxalase I;175
14.4;4. Curcumin Binds and Modulates PKs;175
14.4.1;4.1. Protein Kinases;175
14.4.2;4.2. Cellular Sarcoma;176
14.4.3;4.3. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3ß;176
14.4.4;4.4. ErbB2;177
14.5;5. Curcumin Directly Binds and Modulates Protein Reductases;177
14.5.1;5.1. Thioredoxin Reductase;177
14.5.2;5.2. Aldose Reductase;178
14.6;6. Others;178
14.7;7. Curcumin Clinical Trials in Cancer;179
14.8;8. Future Perspectives;180
14.9;Acknowledgment;181
14.10;References;181
15;Chapter Nine: Molecular Targets of Honokiol: A Promising Phytochemical for Effective Cancer Management;190
15.1;1. Introduction;191
15.2;2. Honokiol: Structure-Activity Relationship;192
15.3;3. Anticancer Effect of Honokiol;193
15.3.1;3.1. Cell-Cycle Arrest;193
15.3.2;3.2. Apoptosis Induction;193
15.3.3;3.3. Antiangiogenic Effect;194
15.3.4;3.4. Inhibition of Migration and Invasion;194
15.4;4. Molecular Targets of Honokiol;195
15.4.1;4.1. Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription;195
15.4.2;4.2. Nuclear Factor Kappa B;197
15.4.3;4.3. Beta-Catenin;197
15.4.4;4.4. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin;198
15.4.5;4.5. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor;199
15.4.6;4.6. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptor;200
15.4.7;4.7. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors;200
15.4.8;4.8. Cyclooxygenases;201
15.5;5. Pharmacokinetics of Honokiol;202
15.6;6. Conclusion and Future Outlook;203
15.7;Acknowledgments;204
15.8;References;204
16;Chapter Ten: Effects of Tea Catechins on Cancer Signaling Pathways;210
16.1;1. Introduction;211
16.2;2. Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Biotransformation of Tea Catechins;212
16.2.1;2.1. Chemistry;212
16.2.2;2.2. Bioavailability;213
16.2.3;2.3. Biotransformation;214
16.3;3. Inhibition of Tumorigenesis by Tea Catechins in Animal Models and Possible Mechanisms;214
16.3.1;3.1. Inhibition of Tumorigenesis in the Digestive Tract;215
16.3.2;3.2. Inhibition of Lung Tumorigenesis;215
16.3.3;3.3. Inhibition of Prostate Carcinogenesis;216
16.3.4;3.4. Human Studies;216
16.4;4. Biochemical Activities of Tea Catechins;217
16.4.1;4.1. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidative Activities In Vitro and In Vivo;217
16.4.2;4.2. High-Affinity Binding Proteins as Targets of EGCG;219
16.4.3;4.3. Inhibition of Enzyme Activities;221
16.5;5. Modulating Signaling Pathways and Cell Functions;222
16.5.1;5.1. Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Other Receptors;222
16.5.2;5.2. Effects on 67LR;225
16.5.3;5.3. Inhibition of Wnt Signaling;226
16.5.4;5.4. Epigenetic Mechanisms;226
16.5.4.1;5.4.1. Affecting Epigenetic DNA Methylation and Histone Modification;226
16.5.4.2;5.4.2. Effect on MicroRNA;226
16.5.5;5.5. Other Mechanisms;227
16.5.5.1;5.5.1. Modulating p53-Dependent Events;227
16.5.5.2;5.5.2. Binding to Lipids;227
16.5.5.3;5.5.3. Binding to Nucleic Acids;228
16.6;6. Issues in Extrapopulating Studies In Vitro to Situations In Vivo;228
16.7;7. Concluding Remarks;229
16.8;Acknowledgments;230
16.9;References;230
17;Author Index;238
18;Subject Index;268
19;Color Plate;274

Leseproben

1 Smart technology for textiles and clothing – introduction and overview
Xiaoming Tao 1.1 Introduction
Since the nineteenth century, revolutionary changes have been occurring at an unprecedented rate in many fields of science and technology, which have profound impacts on every human being. Inventions of electronic chips, computers, the Internet, the discovery and complete mapping of the human genome, and many more, have transformed the entire world. The last century also brought tremendous advances in the textile and clothing industry, which has a history of many thousands of years. Solid foundations of scientific understanding have been laid to guide the improved usage and processing technology of natural fibres and the manufacturing of synthetic fibres. We have learnt a lot from nature. Viscose rayon, nylon, polyester and other synthetic fibres were invented initially for the sake of mimicking their natural counterparts. The technology has progressed so that synthetic fibres and their products surpass them in many aspects. Biological routes for synthesizing polymers or textile processing represent an environmentally friendly, sustainable way of utilizing natural resources. Design and processing with the aid of computers, automation with remote centralized or distributed control, and Internet-based integrated supply-chain management systems bring customers closer to the very beginning of the chain than ever before. Looking ahead, the future promises even more. What new capacities should we expect as results of future developments? They should at least include terascale, nanoscale, complexity, cognition and holism. The new capability of terascale takes us three orders of magnitude beyond the present general-purpose and generally accessible computing capabilities. In a very short time, we will be connecting millions of systems and billions of information appliances to the Internet. Technologies allowing over one trillion operations per second are on the agenda for research. The technology in nanoscales will take us three orders of magnitude below the size of most of today’s human-made devices. It will allow us to arrange atoms and molecules inexpensively in most of the ways permitted by physical laws. It will let us make supercomputers that fit on the head of a fibre, and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell to eliminate cancers, infections, clogged arteries and even old age. Molecular manufacturing will make exactly what it is supposed to make, and no pollutants will be produced. We are living in this exciting era and feeling the great impacts of technology on the traditional textiles and clothing industry, which has such a long history. Traditionally, many fields of science and engineering have been separate and distinct. Recently, there has been considerable movement and convergence between these fields of endeavour and the results have been astonishing. Smart technology for materials and structures is one of these results. What are smart materials and structures? Nature provides many examples of smart structures. The simple single-celled living creature may highlight the fundamentals. As shown in Fig. 1.1, various environmental conditions or stimuli act on the outer layer. These conditions or stimuli may be in the form of force, temperature, radiation, chemical reactions, electric and magnetic fields. Sensors in the outer layer detect these effects, and the resulting information is conveyed for signal processing and interpretation, at which point the cell reacts to these environmental conditions or stimuli in a number of ways, such as movement, changing chemical composition and reproductive actions. Nature has had billions of years and a vast laboratory to develop life, whereas humankind has just begun to create smart materials and structures. 1.1 A single cell living creature is an example of smart structures. Smart materials and structures can be defined as the materials and structures that sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli, such as those from mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic or other sources. According to the manner of reaction, they can be divided into passive smart, active smart and very smart materials. Passive smart materials can only sense the environmental conditions or stimuli; active smart materials will sense and react to the conditions or stimuli; very smart materials can sense, react and adapt themselves accordingly. An even higher level of intelligence can be achieved from those intelligent materials and structures capable of responding or activated to perform a function in a manual or pre-programmed manner. Three components may be present in such materials: sensors, actuators and controlling units. The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals, thus in a passive smart material, the existence of sensors is essential. The actuators act upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit; together with the sensors, they are the essential element for active smart materials. At even higher levels, like very smart or intelligent materials, another kind of unit is essential, which works like the brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating capacities. Such textile materials and structures are becoming possible as the result of a successful marriage of traditional textiles/clothing technology with material science, structural mechanics, sensor and actuator technology, advanced processing technology, communication, artificial intelligence, biology, etc. 1.2 Development of smart technology for textiles and clothing
We have always been inspired to mimic nature in order to create our clothing materials with higher levels of functions and smartness. The development of microfibres is a very good example, starting from studying and mimicking silk first, then creating finer and, in many ways, better fibres. However, up to now, most textiles and clothing have been lifeless. It would be wonderful to have clothing like our skin, which is a layer of smart material. The skin has sensors which can detect pressure, pain, temperature, etc. Together with our brain, it can function intelligently with environmental stimuli. It generates large quantities of sweat to cool our body when it is hot, and to stimulate blood circulation when it gets cold. It changes its colour when exposed to a higher level of sunlight, to protect our bodies. It is permeable, allowing moisture to penetrate yet stopping unwanted species from getting in. The skin can shed, repair and regenerate itself. To study then develop a smart material like our skin is itself a very challenging task. In the last decade, research and development in smart/intelligent materials and structures have led to the birth of a wide range of novel smart products in aerospace, transportation, telecommunications, homes, buildings and infrastructures. Although the technology as a whole is relatively new, some areas have reached the stage where industrial application is both feasible and viable for textiles and clothing. Many exciting applications have been demonstrated worldwide. Extended from the space programme, heat generating/storing fibres/fabrics have now been used in skiwear, shoes, sports helmets and insulation devices. Textile fabrics and composites integrated with optical fibre sensors have been used to monitor the health of major bridges and buildings. The first generation of wearable motherboards has been developed, which has sensors integrated inside garments and is capable of detecting injury and health information of the wearer and transmitting such information remotely to a hospital. Shape memory polymers have been applied to textiles in fibre, film and foam forms, resulting in a range of high performance fabrics and garments, especially sea-going garments. Fibre sensors, which are capable of measuring temperature, strain/stress, gas, biological species and smell, are typical smart fibres that can be directly applied to textiles. Conductive polymer-based actuators have achieved very high levels of energy density. Clothing with its own senses and brain, like shoes and snow coats which are integrated with Global Positioning System (GPS) and mobile phone technology, can tell the position of the wearer and give him/her directions. Biological tissues and organs, like ears and noses, can be grown from textile scaffolds made from biodegradable fibres. Integrated with nanomaterials, textiles can be imparted with very high energy absorption capacity and other functions like stain proofing, abrasion resistance, light emission, etc. The challenges lie before us, as the research and development of smart technology and its adoption by industries depend upon successful multidisciplinary teamwork, where the boundary of traditional disciplines becomes blurred and cross-fertilization occurs at a rate much higher than that seen previously. Some of the research areas can be grouped as follows: For sensors/actuators: • photo-sensitive materials • fibre-optics • conductive polymers • thermal sensitive materials • shape memory materials • intelligent coating/membrane • chemical responsive polymers • mechanical responsive materials • microcapsules • micro and nanomaterials. For signal...