Thurgood / Fengxiang A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham

History, Contact, and Phonology
1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-61451-604-0
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 643, 428 Seiten

Reihe: Pacific Linguistics [PL]

This volume is a grammatical sketch of Hainan Cham, an endangered tonal Austronesian language. The study focuses on three areas: social background and contact history, the grammar (including all the recorded vocabulary), and a description of the sound system (including acoustic description). The appendixes also include the wordlist of Sanya Chinese forms and four analyzed texts.

Zielgruppe

Scholars interested in Hainan Cham and Southeast Asian Languages.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Thurgood, Graham

Thurgood, Ela

Fengxiang, Li

Fachgebiete

• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Phonetik, Phonologie, Prosodie
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Historische & Vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachtypologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Grammatik, Syntax, Morphologie
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Einzelne Sprachen & Sprachfamilien
• Geisteswissenschaften Sprachwissenschaft Sprachkontaktforschung

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgements;7
2;Table of contents;9
3;List of maps;17
4;List of tables;17
5;List of figures;19
6;Conventions;21
7;List of abbreviations;23
8;1 Introduction;25
8.1;1.1 The Name Cham;28
8.2;1.2 Convergence Under Contact;29
9;2 The people and the setting;31
9.1;2.1 The Location, Population, and Mosques;31
9.2;2.2 Customs and Religion;36
9.2.1;2.2.1 Family names;36
9.2.2;2.2.2 Religious practices;36
9.3;2.3 Interaction with other groups;38
9.4;2.4 Economic comments;39
9.5;2.5 Trading;41
9.6;2.6 Education;42
10;3 Legends and History;43
10.1;3.1 Legends;43
10.2;3.2 The Japanese;44
10.3;3.3 History of Champa;45
10.3.1;3.3.1 The older wave of immigrants;46
10.3.2;3.3.2 The second wave of immigrants;47
11;4 The linguistic setting;49
11.1;4.1 The Linguistic History;49
11.2;4.2 The Language use survey;51
11.3;4.3 The Hainanese Dialect;52
11.4;4.4 The Mai Dialect;53
11.5;4.5 Mandarin and Southwest Mandarin;53
11.5.1;4.5.1 Sanya Mandarin;53
11.6;4.6 Sorting out the Chinese loan sources;54
11.7;4.7 The Li Language;55
11.8;4.8 Other linguistic influences;55
11.9;4.9 An aside on Arabic;56
11.10;4.10 Stübel’s notes;56
11.11;4.11 Zheng and Ouyang’s work on the language;57
11.12;4.12 Other investigators;58
12;5 The Hainan Cham sound system;60
12.1;5.1 Word structure;60
12.2;5.2 Syllable structure;60
12.3;5.3 Consonants;61
12.4;5.4 Vowels;62
12.4.1;5.4.1 Diphthongs;63
12.4.2;5.4.2 Triphthongs;63
12.5;5.5 Tones;63
12.6;5.6 The origins of tones: tonogenesis;65
12.7;5.7 The origins of secondary final glottal stops;67
12.7.1;5.7.1 Preploded final nasals;68
12.7.2;5.7.2 The PC *-l and *-r finals;69
12.7.3;5.7.3 PC *-ay and *-aw > -ay.
and -aw?;70
12.7.4;5.7.4 Loans with final glottal stops;70
13;6 Acoustic analyses;72
13.1;6.1 Consonants;72
13.1.1;6.1.1 Voice onset time;72
13.1.2;6.1.2 Lenition of voiceless stops;75
13.1.3;6.1.3 Realization of implosives;77
13.2;6.2 Vowels;78
13.2.1;6.2.1 Vowels before a glottal stop;81
13.2.2;6.2.2 /a:/ and /a/ before a glottal stop;83
13.2.3;6.2.3 /a:/ and /a/ in syllables with a nasal coda;84
13.3;6.3 Diphthongs and triphthongs;91
13.3.1;6.3.1 Rising diphthongs [i.u], [i..],
and [i.a] ;92
13.3.2;6.3.2 Falling diphthongs [ui.], [oi.],and [ai.]
;95
13.3.3;6.3.3 Diphthongs [ua] and [au];97
13.3.4;6.3.4 Long diphthongs;99
13.3.5;6.3.5 Triphthongs;104
13.4;6.4 Tones;104
13.4.1;6.4.1 The ‘level’ tones;105
13.4.2;6.4.2 Tone 55;109
13.4.3;6.4.3 The contour tones;111
13.5;6.5 Phonation;115
13.5.1;6.5.1 Falsetto;116
13.5.2;6.5.2 Creaky voice;117
13.5.3;6.5.3 Creakiness and diphthongs;118
14;7 Word classes;124
14.1;7.1 Open classes;124
14.1.1;7.1.1 Nouns;124
14.1.1.1;7.1.1.1 Genitive constructions;124
14.1.1.2;7.1.1.2 N + N compounds [N [N]];128
14.1.1.3;7.1.1.3 The sa³³ patterns;129
14.1.1.4;7.1.1.4 sa³³ in nominalizations [X sa³³];130
14.1.1.5;7.1.1.5 The X sa³³ NP pattern: [modifier sa³³ Nh];132
14.1.1.5.1;7.1.1.5.1 [noun + sa³³] + classifier phrase;132
14.1.1.5.2;7.1.1.5.2 [demonstrative + sa³³] + classifier phrase + Nh;132
14.1.1.5.3;7.1.1.5.3 [pronoun + sa³³] + Nh;133
14.1.1.5.4;7.1.1.5.4 [clause + sa³³] + Nh;133
14.1.1.5.5;7.1.1.5.5 Word order change;134
14.1.1.6;7.1.1.6 Group marking devices and plurality;136
14.1.1.7;7.1.1.7 Juxtaposed collocations;137
14.1.1.8;7.1.1.8 Natural gender;138
14.1.2;7.1.2 Verbs and verbal constructions;139
14.1.2.1;7.1.2.1 The same verb with multiple objects;139
14.1.2.2;7.1.2.2 Chronologically ordered strings;140
14.1.2.3;7.1.2.3 Serial verbs;141
14.1.2.4;7.1.2.4 Benefactives and permissives;142
14.1.2.5;7.1.2.5 Directionals;143
14.1.2.5.1;7.1.2.5.1 Multiple directionals;147
14.1.2.5.2;7.1.2.5.2 V directional + V construction;148
14.1.2.6;7.1.2.6 Causatives;149
14.1.2.7;7.1.2.7 Resultatives (Cause-effect SVCs);150
14.1.2.8;7.1.2.8 The polysemous hu³³;151
14.1.3;7.1.3 Adverbs and adverbials;154
14.1.3.1;7.1.3.1 Adverbs of time;155
14.1.3.2;7.1.3.2 Adverbs of place;156
14.1.3.3;7.1.3.3 Adverbs of manner;156
14.1.3.4;7.1.3.4 Adverbs of frequency;158
14.1.3.5;7.1.3.5 Adverbial placement;158
14.1.3.6;7.1.3.6 Degree adverbials;160
14.1.3.7;7.1.3.7 Adverbial classifiers;163
14.1.4;7.1.4 Measurements of time;165
14.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 Hours;165
14.1.4.2;7.1.4.2 Days;165
14.1.4.3;7.1.4.3 Parts of the day;166
14.1.4.4;7.1.4.4 Months;168
14.1.4.5;7.1.4.5 Seasons;168
14.1.4.6;7.1.4.6 Years;168
14.2;7.2 Closed classes;169
14.2.1;7.2.1 Pronouns and other pro-forms;169
14.2.1.1;7.2.1.1 Personal pronouns;170
14.2.1.1.1;7.2.1.1.1 As head nouns;170
14.2.1.1.2;7.2.1.1.2 Other personal pronouns;170
14.2.1.1.3;7.2.1.1.3 In the sa³³ construction;170
14.2.1.2;7.2.1.2 Indefinite and interrogative pro-forms;171
14.2.1.3;7.2.1.3 Reflexives, emphatics, and reciprocals;171
14.2.1.4;7.2.1.4 Inheritance and contact;173
14.2.1.5;7.2.1.5 Origins of the pronouns;175
14.2.2;7.2.2 Noun adjuncts;175
14.2.2.1;7.2.2.1 Prepositions and prepositional phrases;175
14.2.2.1.1;7.2.2.1.1 Locative prepositions;176
14.2.2.1.2;7.2.2.1.2 Locative nouns;177
14.2.2.1.3;7.2.2.1.3 Other prepositions;179
14.2.2.2;7.2.2.2 Classifier systems;181
14.2.2.2.1;7.2.2.2.1 Mensural classifiers;182
14.2.2.2.2;7.2.2.2.2 Sortal classifiers;183
14.2.2.2.3;7.2.2.2.3 Classifier word order;186
14.2.2.2.4;7.2.2.2.4 Class terms;186
14.2.2.2.5;7.2.2.2.5 Kinship terms;195
14.2.2.3;7.2.2.3 Quantifiers;197
14.2.3;7.2.3 Verb adjuncts;200
14.2.3.1;7.2.3.1 Negation (polarity);200
14.2.3.2;7.2.3.2 Aspect;201
14.2.3.2.1;7.2.3.2.1 Beginnings, middles, and ends;201
14.2.3.2.2;7.2.3.2.2 Duration from reduplication;202
14.2.3.2.3;7.2.3.2.3 Repetitiveness with directions;203
14.2.3.2.4;7.2.3.2.4 An experiential auxiliary;204
14.2.3.2.5;7.2.3.2.5 The phi55 ‘completive’;205
14.2.3.2.6;7.2.3.2.6 Perfective particles from Mandarin;206
14.2.3.2.7;7.2.3.2.7 .io.
³³ ‘still’, and zi²¹kin³³ ‘already’;208
14.2.3.3;7.2.3.3 Modal auxiliary verbs;208
14.2.4;7.2.4 Non-clausal conjunctions;210
14.2.5;7.2.5 Other closed classes;212
14.2.5.1;7.2.5.1 Interjections;212
14.2.5.2;7.2.5.2 Exclamatory mood markers;213
14.2.5.3;7.2.5.3 Onomatopoeia and expressives;214
14.2.5.4;7.2.5.4 Numbers;215
14.2.5.4.1;7.2.5.4.1 Cardinal numbers;215
14.2.5.4.2;7.2.5.4.2 Borrowed Mandarin numbers;216
14.2.5.4.3;7.2.5.4.3 Numbers measuring time;217
14.2.5.4.4;7.2.5.4.4 Ordinals;218
14.2.5.4.5;7.2.5.4.5 Fractions and multiples;219
14.2.5.4.6;7.2.5.4.6 Indefinite numbers;220
14.2.5.4.7;7.2.5.4.7 Names and dates;222
14.2.5.4.8;7.2.5.4.8 Presentatives and numbers;223
14.2.5.5;7.2.5.5 Demonstratives;224
14.2.5.5.1;7.2.5.5.1 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives;224
14.2.5.5.2;7.2.5.5.2 Demonstrative pronouns;225
14.2.5.5.3;7.2.5.5.3 Demonstrative adjectives;225
14.2.5.5.3.1;7.2.5.5.3.1 Demonstrative + classifiers;225
14.2.5.5.3.2;7.2.5.5.3.2 Demonstrative + CLF + sa³³ +;226
14.2.5.5.3.3;7.2.5.5.3.3 Demonstratives + head nouns;226
15;8 Clause types;229
15.1;8.1 The internal structure;229
15.1.1;8.1.1 Nonverbal predicates;229
15.1.1.1;8.1.1.1 Nominal predicates and equational clauses;229
15.1.1.2;8.1.1.2 Locative predicates;231
15.1.2;8.1.2 Verbal predicates;231
15.1.2.1;8.1.2.1 Intransitive predicates: adjectival and verbal;231
15.1.2.1.1;8.1.2.1.1 Functions and distribution of adjectives;233
15.1.2.1.2;8.1.2.1.2 Adjectives preposed using sa³³;236
15.1.2.1.3;8.1.2.1.3 Comparatives;237
15.1.2.1.4;8.1.2.1.4 Superlatives;240
15.1.2.2;8.1.2.2 Transitive predicates;240
15.1.2.3;8.1.2.3 Ditransitive predicates;241
15.1.2.4;8.1.2.4 Presentatives (existentials);241
15.2;8.2 Sentence types;243
15.2.1;8.2.1 Declaratives;243
15.2.2;8.2.2 Interrogatives;245
15.2.2.1;8.2.2.1 Polar interrogatives;245
15.2.2.2;8.2.2.2 Alternative questions;246
15.2.2.3;8.2.2.3 Interrogative and indefinite pro-forms;249
15.2.3;8.2.3 Imperatives;254
15.2.3.1;8.2.3.1 Negative imperatives;255
15.2.3.2;8.2.3.2 Particles that modify the imperative force;256
15.3;8.3 Clause combining;257
15.3.1;8.3.1 Coordinate clauses;257
15.3.2;8.3.2 Adverbial clauses;261
15.3.3;8.3.3 Complement clauses;266
15.3.4;8.3.4 Relative clauses;268
15.3.5;8.3.5 Purpose clauses;270
15.4;8.4 Information structure;271
15.4.1;8.4.1 Subjects, pivots, and topics;271
15.4.2;8.4.2 An apparent ‘disposal’ construction;272
15.4.3;8.4.3 Object fronting;273
15.4.4;8.4.4 Preverbal objects;274
15.4.5;8.4.5 The adversative pi³³ passive;274
16;9 Discourse Pragmatics;276
16.1;9.1 Presentatives (high profile introductions);277
16.2;9.2 Classifier + head noun introductions;277
16.3;9.3 Backgrounding: head noun + classifier;278
16.4;9.4 Backgrounded by just a classifier phrase;279
16.5;9.5 Classifiers in a short text;280
16.6;9.6 Participant tracking;281
16.6.1;9.6.1 The presentative and the old man;283
16.6.2;9.6.2 Classifier phrases and the old man;283
16.6.3;9.6.3 Pronouns (and Classifiers);283
16.6.4;9.6.4 Marking a central character;284
16.6.5;9.6.5 Kinship terms;285
16.6.6;9.6.6 Deletion and cohesion in subject slots;285
17;10 Contact summary;287
17.1;10.1 Phonology;287
17.2;10.2 Lexicon;287
17.2.1;10.2.1 Modal verbs;288
17.2.2;10.2.2 Adverbials;288
17.2.3;10.2.3 Prepositions;288
17.2.4;10.2.4 Negation;289
17.2.5;10.2.5 Aspect;289
17.2.6;10.2.6 Quantifiers;289
17.2.7;10.2.7 Numbers;289
17.2.8;10.2.8 Mensural classifiers;289
17.2.9;10.2.9 Kinship terms;289
17.3;10.3 Clause structure;290
17.3.1;10.3.1 Clausal conjunctions;290
17.3.2;10.3.2 Relative clauses;290
17.3.3;10.3.3 Adversative passive;290
17.4;10.4 Word order;290
17.5;10.5 Constructions;291
17.6;10.6 Directions for future research;291
18;Texts;292
19;Appendix A: Hainan Cham – English Glossary / English – Hainan Cham Glossary;333
20;Appendix B: The Stübel wordlist;405
21;Appendix C: Sanya Mandarin;408
22;References;413
23;Index;422

Über Autor(innen)

Graham Thurgood, Ela Thurgood, and Li Fengxiang, California State University, Chico, USA.