Buch, Englisch, 290 Seiten, Format (B × H): 178 mm x 254 mm, Gewicht: 726 g
Buch, Englisch, 290 Seiten, Format (B × H): 178 mm x 254 mm, Gewicht: 726 g
ISBN: 978-0-415-99565-8
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Comprehensive and accessible, Measurement and Statistics for Teachers includes:
- Short vignettes showing concepts in action
- Numerous classroom examples
- Highlighted vocabulary
- Boxes summarizing related concepts
- End-of-chapter exercises and problems
- Six full chapters devoted to the essential topic of Classroom Tests
- Instruction on how to carry out informal assessments, performance assessments, and portfolio assessments, and how to use and interpret standardized tests
- A five-chapter section on Descriptive Statistics, giving instructors the option of more thoroughly teaching basic measurement constructs such as validity, reliability, and score reporting
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Weitere Infos & Material
@contents:Table of Contents
Preface
Book 1 - MEASUREMENT
Part I: Basic Issues of Measurement
Chapter 1: Introduction to Measurement
Introduction
The Role of Measurement
Measurement, Assessment, and Evaluation
Assessment
Measurement
Evaluation
Formal vs. Informal Assessment
Classroom Assessment
Preliminary or Placement Assessment
Diagnostic Assessment
Formative Assessment
Summative Assessment
Maximum vs. Typical Performance Measures
Uses of Measurement
Summary
Chapter 1 Exercises
Chapter 1 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: Setting Effective Academic Goals
Chapter 2: Frames of Reference: Interpreting Test Scores
Introduction
Four Frames of Reference
Ability-Referenced Interpretations
Growth-Referenced Interpretations
Norm-Referenced Interpretations
Criterion-Referenced Interpretations
A Comparison of Norm-Referenced and Criterion-
Referenced Interpretations
Choosing a Frame of Reference for Assessment
Characteristics of Norm-Referenced and Criterion-
Referenced Tests
Item Difficulty
Number of Items on the Test
Summary
Chapter 2 Exercises
Chapter 2 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: Time Management
Chapter 3: Developing Objectives
Introduction
Standards
Planning by Using Goals and Objectives
Goals vs. Objectives
Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Objectives
Knowledge Level Objectives
Comprehension level Objectives
Application Level Objectives
Analysis Level Objectives
Synthesis Level Objectives
Evaluation Level Objectives
Robert Mager’s Instructional Objectives
Norman Grundland’s Instructional Objectives
Robert Gagné’s Learning Outcomes
Gagné’s Categories
Using Objectives
Summary
Chapter 3 Exercises
Chapter 3 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 4: Reliability
Introduction
What is Reliability?
Theoretical Model of Reliability
Computing Reliability
Reliability and Validity
Estimating Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability
Alternate-Form Reliability
Internal Consistency Reliability
Interpreting Reliabilities
Improving Test Reliability
Reducing Subject Effects
Reducing Test Effects
Reducing Environmental Effects
Some Final Comments about Reliability
Summary
Chapter 4 Exercises
Chapter 4 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 5: Validity
Introduction
Perspectives on Validity
Content-Related Evidence of Validity
Criterion-Related Evidence of Validity
Construct-Related Evidence of Validity
Which Perspective is the Most Important?
Reliability and Validity
Summary
Chapter 5 Exercises
Chapter 5 Spotlight on the Classroom
Part II: Classroom Testing
Chapter 6: Completion and Short-Answer Items
Introduction
Short-Answer Items
Advantages and Limitations of Short-Answer Items
Advantages
Limitations
Attributes Desired in Short-Answer Items
Evaluating Short-Answer Items
Summary
Chapter 6 Exercises
Chapter 6 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 7: Essay Items
Introduction
Advantages and Limitations of the Essay Format
Advantages
Limitations
Types of Essay Items
Scoring Essay Exams
Holistic Scoring
Analytic Scoring
General Recommendations for Scoring Essay Answers
Attributes Desired in Essay Items
Evaluating Essay Items
Summary
Chapter 7 Exercises
Chapter 7 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 8: Multiple-Choice Items
Introduction
Advantages and Limitations of Multiple-Choice Items
Advantages
Limitations
Attributes Desired in Multiple-Choice Items
Evaluating Multiple-Choice Items
Various Types of Multiple-Choice Items
Matching Items
Range-of-Value Items
Ranking Options
Interpretive Exercises
Number of Alternatives
Summary
Chapter 8 Exercises
Chapter 8 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 9: True/False Items
Introduction
Advantage and Limitations of True/False Items
Advantages
Limitations
Attributes of Good True/False Items
Evaluating True/False Items
Variations in the True/False Format
Tue/False with Correction
Embedded True/False Items
Sequential True/False Items
Checklists
Summary
Chapter 9 Exercises
Chapter 9 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 10: Producing and Administering Tests
Introduction
Designing a Test
Defining the Purpose of the Test
Choosing the Types of Items to Use
Choosing the Number of Items to Be Used
Choosing the Difficulty Level of the Items
Assuring Sufficient Accuracy
Producing a Test
Preparing the Items
Ordering the Items
Formatting the Text
Preparing Instructions
Proofreading
Administering the Test
Setting Up an Appropriate Testing Environment
Summary
Chapter 10 Exercises
Chapter 10 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 11: Analyzing Tests
Introduction
Test Analysis
Item Analysis
Item Difficulty
Item Discrimination
Distractor Analysis
Item Analysis Practice
The Stability of Item Analyses
Summary
Chapter 11 Exercises
Chapter 11 Spotlight on the Classroom
Part III: Alternative Assessment Techniques
Chapter 12: Informal Assessments
Introduction
What is Informal Assessment?
Types of Informal Assessment
Informal Observations
Questions
Characteristics of Informal Assessment
Planning for Observations and Questions
Choosing Behaviors to Observe
The Validity Question
The Reliability Question
Techniques for Effective Informal Assessment
Planning Informal Assessment
Use Informal Assessment Frequently
Maintain Positive Interactions with your Students
Use the Results of Informal Assessment to Alter
Instruction
Summary
Chapter 12 Exercises
Chapter 12 Spotlight on the classroom
Chapter 13: Performance Assessment
Introduction
What are Performance Assessments?
Types of performance Assessments
Process versus Product
Simulated versus Real Settings
Natural versus Structured Settings
When Are Performance Assessment Appropriate To Use?
Advantages and Limitations of Performance Assessments
Advantages
Limitations
Planning and Developing Performance Assessments
Tie Assessments to Objectives
Measure Important Skills
Focus on Process or Product Only
Define the Tasks for the Students
Scoring Performance Assessments
Checklists
Rating Scales
Rubrics
Summary
Chapter 13 Exercises
Chapter 13 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 14: Portfolios
Introduction
What Makes Portfolios Distinctive?
Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
Limitations
Components of Portfolios
The List of Goals
Work Samples
Annotations
When is Portfolio Assessment the Most Effective?
Helping Students Develop Portfolios
Scoring Portfolios
The Future of Portfolio Assessment
Summary
Chapter 14 Exercises
Chapter 14 Spotlight on the Classroom
Part IV: Additional Measurement Issues
Chapter 15: Teaching Students Test-Taking Skills
Introduction
General Test-Taking Strategies
Budgeting Time
Reading Directions
Reading Items Carefully
Checking Tests before Turning Them In
Test-Taking Strategies for Specific Test Formats
Strategies for Short-Answer Tests
Strategies for Essay Tests
Strategies for Multiple-Choice Tests
Strategies for True-False Tests
Familiarity with Testing Approaches
Approaches to Teaching Test-Taking Skills
Summary
Chapter 15 Exercises
Chapter 15 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 16: Standardized Tests
Introduction
General Characteristics of Standardized Tests
A Case Study in Developing a Standardized Test
Steps in Building a Standardized Test
Setting Interpretation Standards
Standardized Test Administration
Achievement Tests
Single-Subject-Area Achievement Tests
Survey Batteries
Diagnostic Tests
Reading Readiness Tests
Aptitude Tests
Individual Aptitude Tests
Group Aptitude Tests
Other Types of Standardized Tests
Using Standardized Tests Effectively in the Schools
Selecting Standardized Tests
Making Predictions Based on Test Scores
Using Standardized Tests Appropriately
The Effects of No Child Left Behind and Other Federal Mandates
Summary
Chapter 16 Exercises
Chapter 16 Spotlight on the Classroom
Chapter 17: Alternative Ways to Report Test Scores
Introduction
Percentile Ranks
Standardized Scores
z-Scores
T-Scores
SAT Scores
Normalized Standard Scores
Normal Curve Equivalent Scores
Stanines
Grade Equivalent Scores
Building Confidence Intervals
Error Variance
Standard Error of Measurement
Using the SEM to Build Confidence Intervals
Factors Affecting the Width of Confidence Intervals
Summary
Chapter 17 Exercises
Chapter 17 Spotlight
Book I Index
Book 2 - STATISTICS
Chapter 1: The Language and Logic of Statistics
Introduction
Basic Language and Logic
Constants and Variables
Populations and Samples
Parameters and Statistics
Measurement Scales
Categorical Data
Ranked Data
Numeric Data
Discrete Data vs. Continuous Data
Summary
Chapter 1 Exercises
Chapter 1 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: How to Read a Measurement and Statistics Text
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions and Graphs
Introduction
Frequency Distributions
Frequencies
Proportion and Percentages
Grouped Frequency Distributions
Graphing Frequency Distributions
Bar Charts
Pie Charts
Histograms
Frequency Polygons
Forms of Frequency Distributions
Cumulative Frequency Distributions
Summary
Chapter 2 Exercises
Chapter 2 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: How to Take Lecture Notes in a Measurement
and Statistics Class
Chapter 3: Central Tendency: What is a Typical Score?
Introduction
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median
Mean
Deviation Scores
Characteristics of Central Tendency Measures
Stability of Central Tendency Measures
Use of Central Tendency Measures
Central Tendency and Form
Summary
Chapter 3 Exercises
Chapter 3 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: Learning Technical Terminology
Chapter 4: Variability: How Spread Out Are the Scores?
Introduction
The Variability Question
Ranges
Variance and Standard Deviation
Summary
Chapter 4 Exercises
Chapter 4 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: How to Prepare for an Exam
Chapter 5: Correlation
Introduction
Bivariate Statistics
z-Scores
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
Computational Formula for the PPMC
Correlation and Prediction
Summary
Chapter 5 Exercises
Chapter 5 Spotlight on the Classroom
Study Tips: How to Learn from an Exam
References
Book II Index
