Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements

1. Auflage 2012
ISBN: 978-1-4398-5189-0
Verlag: CRC Press

Buch, Englisch, 418 Seiten, Format (B × H): 156 mm x 235 mm, Gewicht: 725 g

The rather specialized field of solar and infrared radiation measurement has become more and more important in the face of growing demands by the renewable energy and climate change research communities for data that are more accurate and have increased temporal and spatial resolution. Updating decades of acquired knowledge in the field, Solar and Infrared Radiation Measurements details the strengths and weaknesses of instruments used to conduct such solar and infrared radiation measurements.
Topics covered include:

Radiometer design and performance
Equipment calibration, installation, operation, and maintenance
Data quality assessment
Methods to use measured data to estimate irradiance for any surface

With a broad range of content that will benefit students and more experienced readers alike, this resource serves as a primer and technical reference that presents the basic terminology and fundamentals for resource assessment. It explores the history of solar radiation instruments and addresses direct normal, global, diffuse, and tilted measurements, as well as the characteristics of instruments used for these measurements. The authors consider methods of assessing the uncertainty of solar measurements and then cover albedo, infrared, net, and spectral irradiance measurements and instrumentation. The book devotes a section to other meteorological instruments, and another to the basics for installing and operating a solar monitoring station. Appendices include information on solar resource assessment modeling and satellite-derived irradiance, along with other useful material.

This book’s authors are experts who each have more than 30 years of experience developing and operating multiple measurement stations, working with industry to improve radiometry, and conducting various research projects.

Zielgruppe

Students and professionals in fields such as atmospheric science, climate, meteorology, solar engineering, and physics.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Vignola, Frank

Stoffel, Thomas

Michalsky, Joseph

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technische Instrumentierung
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Meteorologie, Klimatologie
• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Elektronik Sensorik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Measuring Solar and Infrared RadiationSolar Resource Definitions and TerminologyIntroductionThe SunExtraterrestrial RadiationSolar CoordinatesZenith, Azimuth, and Hour AnglesSolar, Universal, and Local Standard TimeSolar Position CalculationSunrise and Sunset TimesGlobal, Direct Normal, and Diffuse IrradianceSolar Radiation on Tilted SurfacesSpectral Nature of Solar RadiationFundamentals of Thermodynamics and Heat TransferPhotodiodes and Solar Cell PrerequisitesModelsHistoric Milestones in Solar and Infrared Radiation MeasurementIntroductionEarliest Observations of the Sun and the Nature of LightNineteenth-Century RadiometersOperational Radiometers of the Twentieth CenturyRecent Advances in Solar MeasurementsDirect Normal IrradianceOverview of Direct Normal IrradiancePyrheliometer GeometryOperational Thermopile PyrheliometersAbsolute Cavity RadiometersUncertainty Analysis for Pyrheliometer CalibrationUncertainty Analysis for Operational Thermopile PyrheliometersUncertainty Analysis for Rotating Shadowband Radiometer Measurements of Direct Normal IrradianceDirect Normal Irradiance ModelsHistorical and Current Surface-Measured Direct Normal Irradiance DataMeasuring Global IrradianceIntroduction to Global Horizontal Irradiance MeasurementsBlack-Disk Thermopile PyranometersBlack-and-White PyranometersPhotodiode-Based PyranometersCalibration of PyranometersPyranometer Calibration UncertaintiesDiffuse IrradianceIntroductionThe Measurement of Diffuse IrradianceCalibration of Diffuse PyranometersValue of Accurate Diffuse MeasurementsRotating Shadowband RadiometersIntroductionThe Rotating Shadowband RadiometerThe Multifilter Rotating Shadowband RadiometerMeasuring Solar Radiation on a Tilted SurfaceIntroductionEffect of Tilt on Single Black Detector PyranometersEffect of Tilt on Black-and-White PyranometersEffect of Tilt on Photodiode PyranometersRecommendations for Tilted Irradiance MeasurementsNotes on Modeling PV System Performance with Photodiode PyranometersAlbedoIntroductionBroadband AlbedoSpectral AlbedoBidirectional Reflectance Distribution FunctionAlbedo MeasurementsInfrared MeasurementsIntroductionPyrgeometersCalibrationImproved CalibrationsOther Pyrgeometer ManufacturersOperational ConsiderationsNet Radiation MeasurementsIntroductionSingle-Sensor (All-Wave) Net RadiometersTwo-Sensor Net RadiometersFour-Sensor Net RadiometersAccuracy of Net RadiometersA Better Net Radiation StandardNet Radiometer SourcesSolar Spectral MeasurementsIntroductionThe Extraterrestrial Solar SpectrumAtmospheric InteractionsBroadband Filter RadiometryNarrow-Band Filter RadiometrySpectrometryMeteorological MeasurementsIntroductionAmbient TemperatureWind Speed and Wind DirectionRelative HumidityPressureRecommended Minimum Accuracies for Operational InstrumentsSetting Up a Solar Monitoring StationIntroductionChoosing a SiteGrounding and ShieldingData Logger and CommunicationsMeasurement IntervalCleaning and MaintenanceRecord KeepingImportance of Reviewing DataQuality Control of DataField CalibrationsPhysical Layout of a Solar-Monitoring StationAppendix A: Modeling Solar RadiationAppendix B: Solar Radiation Estimates Derived from Satellite MeasurementsAppendix C: Sun Path ChartsAppendix D: Solar Position AlgorithmsAppendix E: Useful Conversion FactorsAppendix F: Sources for EquipmentAppendix G: BORCAL ReportAppendix H: Sunshine DurationAppendix I: Failure Modes

Über Autor(innen)

Frank Vignola is the director of the University of Oregon (UO) Solar Energy Center. He received his B.A. in physics at the University of California–Berkeley in 1967 and his Ph.D. in elementary particle physics at the UO in 1975. Deciding to apply his skills to more practical applications he started working in solar energy at the UO in 1977. Vignola helped establish and manage the UO solar radiation monitoring network that has the longest-running high-quality solar radiation data set in the United States. He has organized a number of solar resource assessment workshops and has written and contributed to approximately 100 papers in the field. He is currently an associate editor for solar resource assessment for the Solar Energy Journal.

Joseph Michalsky is a physical scientist in the Earth System Research Laboratory within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Prior to NOAA he was with the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center at the State University of New York–Albany. He began his career at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Michalsky received his B.S. in physics at Lamar University and M.S. and Ph.D. in physics at the University of Kentucky. His early career focused on astronomical research before taking on problems in solar energy and the atmospheric sciences. Michalsky has nearly 100 refereed publications in these fields.
Thomas Stoffel manages the Solar Resources and Forecasting Group at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. He received his B.S. in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado and M.S. in meteorology from the University of Utah. He began his career as an aerospace engineer at the U.S. Air Force Propulsion Laboratory simulating gas turbine engine performance and infrared radiation signatures. In 1978, Stoffel joined the Solar Energy Research Institute (now NREL), where he developed the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) that continues to provide research-quality solar and infrared radiation measurements. Stoffel has more than 80 publications addressing solar resource characterization.