E-Book, Englisch, 856 Seiten
Vreugdenhil / Bradshaw / Gebhardt Potato Biology and Biotechnology
1. Auflage 2011
ISBN: 978-0-08-052505-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Advances and Perspectives
E-Book, Englisch, 856 Seiten
ISBN: 978-0-08-052505-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
In the past 15-20 years major discoveries have been concluded on potato biology and biotechnology. Important new tools have been developed in the area of molecular genetics, and our understanding of potato physiology has been revolutionized due to amenability of the potato to genetic transformation. This technology has impacted our understanding of the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interaction and has also opened new opportunities for the use of the potato in a variety of non-food biotechnological purposes.
This book covers the potato world market as it expands further into the new millennium. Authors stress the overriding need for stable yields to eliminate human hunger and poverty, while considering solutions to enhance global production and distribution. It comprehensively describes genetics and genetic resources, plant growth and development, response to the environment, tuber quality, pests and diseases, biotechnology and crop management. Potato Biology is the most valuable reference available for all professionals involved in the potato industry, plant biologists and agronomists.
·Offers an understanding of the social, economic and market factors that influence production and distribution
·Discusses developments and useful traits in transgenic biology and genetic engineering
·The first reference entirely devoted to understanding new advances in potato biology and biotechnology
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Cover;1
2;Copyright Page;5
3;Table of Contents;10
4;Preface;6
5;Acknowledgement;8
6;List of contributors;28
7;Part I The Markets;34
7.1;Chapter 1 The Fresh Potato Market;36
7.1.1;1.1 Introduction and Overview;36
7.1.2;1.2 Production;36
7.1.3;1.3 Supply;40
7.1.4;1.4 Demand;40
7.1.5;1.5 Expenditure and Consumption;45
7.1.6;1.6 The Consumers’ Views;47
7.1.6.1;1.6.1 When potatoes are consumed;48
7.1.7;1.7 Prices Paid to Producers;51
7.1.8;1.8 Potatoes and the Health Issue;53
7.1.8.1;1.8.1 Glycaemic indices;55
7.1.9;1.9 Summary, Conclusions and Future Prospects;57
7.1.9.1;1.9.1 Key points;58
7.2;Chapter 2 Global Markets for Processed Potato Products;60
7.2.1;2.1 Introduction;60
7.2.2;2.2 Processed Potato Products;60
7.2.3;2.3 History of Potato Processing;61
7.2.4;2.4 Current Dimensions;62
7.2.4.1;2.4.1 Global production and consumption;62
7.2.4.2;2.4.2 Trends;63
7.2.4.3;2.4.3 Drivers;63
7.2.5;2.5 Potato-Processing Companies and Locations;65
7.2.6;2.6 Potato Supply;66
7.2.6.1;2.6.1 Supply chain;66
7.2.6.2;2.6.2 Variety requirements;67
7.2.7;2.7 Potato Cost;70
7.2.7.1;2.7.1 Theory and practice;70
7.2.7.2;2.7.2 Contracts;71
7.2.8;2.8 Potato Quality;72
7.2.8.1;2.8.1 Introduction;72
7.2.8.2;2.8.2 Tuber shape, size and dry matter composition;72
7.2.8.3;2.8.3 Blemishing diseases and disorders;73
7.2.8.4;2.8.4 Sugars and fry colours;74
7.2.9;2.9 Current Issues and Future Development;74
7.2.9.1;2.9.1 Acrylamide;74
7.2.9.2;2.9.2 Obesity;75
7.2.9.3;2.9.3 Nutritional value;76
7.3;Chapter 3 The seed potato market;78
7.3.1;3.1 Seed Tubers;78
7.3.2;3.2 Seed Market;79
7.3.2.1;3.2.1 ’Conventional’ seed tubers;79
7.3.2.2;3.2.2 Mini-tubers;82
7.3.2.3;3.2.3 True potato seed;83
7.3.3;3.3 Barriers to Markets in Seed Potatoes;83
7.3.3.1;3.3.1 Quarantine diseases and pests;83
7.3.3.2;3.3.2 Non-quarantine diseases and pests;84
7.3.3.3;3.3.3 Breeder’s rights;84
8;Part II Genetics and Genetic Resources;86
8.1;Chapter 4 Molecular Taxonomy;88
8.1.1;4.1 Introduction;88
8.1.2;4.2 Taxonomic Background;88
8.1.2.1;4.2.1 Wild and cultivated potatoes;88
8.1.2.2;4.2.2 The evolutionary framework;90
8.1.2.3;4.2.3 Remaining taxonomic problems;91
8.1.3;4.3 Molecular Data;91
8.1.3.1;4.3.1 Molecular markers applied to tuber-bearing Solanum spp.;91
8.1.3.2;4.3.2 Methods of analysis of molecular data sets – phenetic versus cladistic approaches;92
8.1.3.3;4.3.3 Application of molecular data to the taxonomy of the tuber-bearing Solanum spp.;92
8.1.4;4.4 Conclusion;107
8.2;Chapter 5 Molecular Markers, Maps and Population Genetics;110
8.2.1;5.1 Introduction;110
8.2.2;5.2 DNA Marker Types Useful for Potato Genetics;111
8.2.2.1;5.2.1 Restriction fragment length polymorphism;111
8.2.2.2;5.2.2 Amplified fragment length polymorphism;113
8.2.2.3;5.2.3 Simple sequence repeat or microsatellite;113
8.2.2.4;5.2.4 Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, sequence characterized amplified region and allele-specific amplification;114
8.2.2.5;5.2.5 Single-nucleotide polymorphism;114
8.2.3;5.3 Principles of Linkage Map Construction;115
8.2.4;5.4 Molecular Maps of Potato;116
8.2.5;5.5 Comparing the Potato with other Plant Genomes;118
8.2.6;5.6 Population Genetics;119
8.3;Chapter 6 Genetics of Morphological and Tuber Traits;124
8.3.1;6.1 Introduction;124
8.3.1.1;6.1.1 The breeder’s perspective;124
8.3.1.2;6.1.2 What is heritable variation?;124
8.3.1.3;6.1.3 Morphological and tuber traits discussed in this chapter;125
8.3.2;6.2 Classical Potato Genetics with Molecular Techniques;125
8.3.2.1;6.2.1 The characteristics of classical genetic analysis;125
8.3.2.2;6.2.2 The characteristics of molecular genetic analysis;127
8.3.2.3;6.2.3 Quantitative and qualitative genetic approaches;128
8.3.3;6.3 The Genetics of Morphological Traits;129
8.3.3.1;6.3.1 Tuber flesh colour;129
8.3.3.2;6.3.2 Tuber skin and flower colour;132
8.3.3.3;6.3.3 Tuber shape;133
8.3.3.4;6.3.4 Eye depth;134
8.3.3.5;6.3.5 Tuber skin characters;135
8.3.4;6.4 Genetics of Tuber Physiology;136
8.3.4.1;6.4.1 Tuberization;136
8.3.4.2;6.4.2 Dormancy, sprouting;137
8.3.5;6.5 Tuber Quality Traits;137
8.3.5.1;6.5.1 Starch content;137
8.3.5.2;6.5.2 Discolouration;138
8.3.5.3;6.5.3 Texture;142
8.3.5.4;6.5.4 Glycoalkaloids;143
8.3.5.5;6.5.5 Growing defects (hollow hearts, growth cracks, second growth, internal heat necrosis);144
8.3.5.6;6.5.6 Tuber size uniformity;144
8.4;Chapter 7 Genetics of Resistance to Pests and Disease;150
8.4.1;7.1 Resistance Screening;150
8.4.1.1;7.1.1 Field screening;150
8.4.1.2;7.1.2 Greenhouse screening;152
8.4.1.3;7.1.3 Laboratory screening;153
8.4.2;7.2 Resistance Genetics in Potato;154
8.4.2.1;7.2.1 Resistance breeding;154
8.4.2.2;7.2.2 Resistance genetics based on disease phenotype;160
8.4.3;7.3 Molecular Analysis of Potato Resistance;163
8.4.3.1;7.3.1 Experimental strategies for gene mapping and cloning;163
8.4.3.2;7.3.2 Resistance factors mapped in potato;165
8.4.3.3;7.3.3 Resistance genes cloned and characterized;174
8.4.3.4;7.3.4 Synteny of resistance loci in Solanaceae;178
8.4.3.5;7.3.5 Marker-assisted resistance breeding;180
8.5;Chapter 8 Potato-Breeding Strategy;190
8.5.1;8.1 Introduction;190
8.5.2;8.2 Evolution of the Modern Potato Crop;190
8.5.3;8.3 Potato Breeding and the Need for New Cultivars;191
8.5.3.1;8.3.1 Potato breeding;191
8.5.3.2;8.3.2 Need for new cultivars;192
8.5.3.3;8.3.3 True potato seed;193
8.5.4;8.4 Adaptation to Environments and End Uses;193
8.5.4.1;8.4.1 Genotype by environment interactions;193
8.5.4.2;8.4.2 Ideotypes;194
8.5.5;8.5 Germplasm Available;194
8.5.5.1;8.5.1 Wild species;195
8.5.5.2;8.5.2 Cultivated species;197
8.5.6;8.6 Introgression of Genes from Wild Species;198
8.5.6.1;8.6.1 Sexual and somatic hybridization of S. tuberosum with wild species;198
8.5.6.2;8.6.2 Molecular-marker-assisted introgression and gene cloning;199
8.5.6.3;8.6.3 Base broadening versus introgression;199
8.5.7;8.7 Breeding Cultivars at the Tetraploid Level for Clonal Propagation;200
8.5.7.1;8.7.1 Parents;200
8.5.7.2;8.7.2 Early generations;201
8.5.7.3;8.7.3 Intermediate and later generations;202
8.5.7.4;8.7.4 Genetic knowledge and molecular-marker-assisted selection;202
8.5.8;8.8 Breeding Cultivars for TPS;203
8.5.9;8.9 Genetically Modified Potatoes;204
8.5.10;8.10 Achieving Durable Disease and Pest Resistance;206
8.5.11;8.11 Conclusions;207
8.6;Chapter 9 Genomics;212
8.6.1;9.1 Introduction;212
8.6.2;9.2 Characteristics of the Potato Genome;213
8.6.3;9.3 Gene Isolation;213
8.6.3.1;9.3.1 Early gene cloning and expression studies;213
8.6.3.2;9.3.2 Map-based gene isolation;215
8.6.3.3;9.3.3 Use of candidate gene approaches for gene isolation;215
8.6.4;9.4 Structural Genomic Resources;217
8.6.4.1;9.4.1 Large-insert genomic libraries;217
8.6.4.2;9.4.2 Expressed sequence tag resources;217
8.6.5;9.5 Analysis of Potato Gene Expression;220
8.6.6;9.6 Microarrays;222
8.6.7;9.7 Functional Genomic Resources;225
8.6.7.1;9.7.1 The phenotype gap;225
8.6.7.2;9.7.2 Transgenic approaches for the study of gene function;226
8.6.7.3;9.7.3 Transposon tagging;227
8.6.7.4;9.7.4 Virus-induced gene silencing;227
8.6.7.5;9.7.5 Activation tagging;229
8.6.8;9.8 Towards a Genome-Wide Physical Map and a Potato Genome Sequence;230
8.6.9;9.9 Proteomics and Metabolomics;230
8.6.10;9.10 Genomic Databases;232
8.6.11;9.11 Summary;232
8.7;Chapter 10 Potato Cytogenetics;236
8.7.1;10.1 Introduction;236
8.7.2;10.2 Basic Chromosome Number and Polyploid Complexes;236
8.7.3;10.3 Genome and Species Relationships;237
8.7.3.1;10.3.1 Genomic designation and relationships of diploid potato species;237
8.7.3.2;10.3.2 Genomic nature and relationships in polyploid potato species;238
8.7.3.3;10.3.3 Genomic designation and relationships of potato and non-tuber-bearing species from closely related sections Etuberosum, Juglandifolium;241
8.7.4;10.4 Karyotyping of Potato Species;242
8.7.4.1;10.4.1 Fluorescent in situ hybridization-based cytogenetic mapping;242
8.7.5;10.5 Cytogenetics in Potato Improvement;245
9;Part III Plant Growth and Development;250
9.1;Chapter 11 Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Development;252
9.1.1;11.1 Introduction;252
9.1.2;11.2 General Morphology;252
9.1.3;11.3 Sprout Development;253
9.1.4;11.4 The Shoot System;254
9.1.5;11.5 The Leaves;255
9.1.6;11.6 The Stolon System;262
9.1.7;11.7 The Tubers;264
9.1.8;11.8 Organs of Sexual Reproduction;265
9.1.9;11.9 Root System;266
9.1.10;11.10 Association Between Development of Above-Ground and Below-Ground Plant Parts;266
9.2;Chapter 12 Signalling the Induction of Tuber Formation;270
9.2.1;12.1 Introduction;270
9.2.2;12.2 Historical Background;271
9.2.2.1;12.2.1 Photoregulation;273
9.2.3;12.3 The Role of Growth Regulators in Controlling Tuberization;275
9.2.3.1;12.3.1 Gibberellins;275
9.2.3.2;12.3.2 Cytokinins;276
9.2.3.3;12.3.3 Lipoxygenase activity and the role of jasmonates;278
9.2.4;12.4 Gene Activity During Early Tuber Formation;278
9.2.5;12.5 The Role of Specific Transcription Factors in Tuber Development;282
9.2.5.1;12.5.1 A MADS box protein that regulates axillary branching and affects tuber formation;282
9.2.5.2;12.5.2 Transcription factors from the TALE superclass;283
9.2.5.3;12.5.3 Overexpression of POTH1 negatively regulates GA levels;283
9.2.5.4;12.5.4 POTH1 protein interacts with seven unique potato BEL transcription factors;283
9.2.5.5;12.5.5 Over-expression of POTH1 and StBEL5 produces an enhanced capacity to form tubers;284
9.2.5.6;12.5.6 Mechanism for transcription factors in regulating tuberization;284
9.3;Chapter 13 Photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and source–sink relations;290
9.3.1;13.1 Introduction;290
9.3.2;13.2 Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism;291
9.3.2.1;13.2.1 CO2 fixation;291
9.3.2.2;13.2.2 Carbon partitioning in mesophyll cells;293
9.3.2.3;13.2.3 Sucrose biosynthesis in source leaves;294
9.3.3;13.3 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves;298
9.3.3.1;13.3.1 Starch synthesis within the chloroplast;298
9.3.3.2;13.3.2 Starch breakdown in leaves;299
9.3.4;13.4 Carbon Export and Long-Distance Transport;301
9.3.4.1;13.4.1 Pathway from the mesophyll to the phloem;301
9.3.4.2;13.4.2 Phloem loading;302
9.3.4.3;13.4.3 Long-distance transport in the phloem;305
9.3.5;13.5 Carbon Unloading into Sink Organs;306
9.3.5.1;13.5.1 Symplastic and apoplastic routes of unloading;306
9.3.5.2;13.5.2 Phloem unloading in the tuber;308
9.3.6;13.6 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in the Tuber;309
9.3.6.1;13.6.1 Production of hexose phosphates in the cytosol;309
9.3.6.2;13.6.2 Uptake of carbon into the amyloplast;310
9.3.6.3;13.6.3 Starch synthesis in potato tubers;310
9.3.7;13.7 Source–Sink Regulation by Sugars;312
9.4;Chapter 14 Dormancy and Sprouting;320
9.4.1;14.1 Introduction;320
9.4.2;14.2 Tuber Dormancy Characteristics;321
9.4.3;14.3 Cell Biology of Dormancy;323
9.4.4;14.4 Gene Expression During Dormancy Transition;326
9.4.5;14.5 Hormonal Regulation of Tuber Dormancy;327
9.4.5.1;14.5.1 Auxins;327
9.4.5.2;14.5.2 Abscisic acid;328
9.4.5.3;14.5.3 Ethylene;332
9.4.5.4;14.5.4 Gibberellins;333
9.4.5.5;14.5.5 Cytokinins;334
9.4.5.6;14.5.6 Other endogenous growth substances;336
9.4.5.7;14.5.7 Hormonal regulation of tuber dormancy: an overview;337
9.4.6;14.6 Sprout Growth and Physiological Aging;337
9.4.7;14.7 Conclusions;338
9.5;Chapter 15 Molecular Physiology of the Mineral Nutrition of the Potato;344
9.5.1;15.1 Introduction;344
9.5.2;15.2 Nitrogen;346
9.5.2.1;15.2.1 Nitrogen uptake;346
9.5.2.2;15.2.2 Nitrogen assimilation;347
9.5.2.3;15.2.3 Transport of organic N between source and sink;351
9.5.3;15.3 Phosphorus;352
9.5.3.1;15.3.1 Phosphate uptake;353
9.5.3.2;15.3.2 Molecular biological analysis of Pi transport systems;354
9.5.3.3;15.3.3 Pi translocation on the whole plant level: long-distance transport;357
9.5.4;15.4 Conclusion and Outlook;359
10;Part IV Response to the Environment;364
10.1;Chapter 16 Water Availability and Potato Crop Performance;366
10.1.1;16.1 Introduction;366
10.1.2;16.2 Determinants and Controls of Water Movement;367
10.1.2.1;16.2.1 The transport of water in the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum;367
10.1.2.2;16.2.2 Plant water relations;369
10.1.3;16.3 Assessing Plant Water Status;371
10.1.4;16.4 Potato Plant Responses to Drought and Biotic Stress;372
10.1.4.1;16.4.1 Leaf expansion;372
10.1.4.2;16.4.2 Effect of drought on plant calcium and 13C concentrations;373
10.1.5;16.5 Water Use, Leaf Dynamics and Potato Productivity;375
10.1.5.1;16.5.1 Water-use efficiency in different climates;375
10.1.5.2;16.5.2 Relative transpiration and leaf dynamics;376
10.1.5.3;16.5.3 Interactions between drought and biotic stresses;378
10.1.6;16.6 Varietal Differences in Drought Tolerance;380
10.1.7;16.7 Effects of Water Availability on Quality;381
10.2;Chapter 17 Potato crop response to radiation and daylength;386
10.2.1;17.1 Radiation;386
10.2.1.1;17.1.1 Development of radiation interception;386
10.2.1.2;17.1.2 Measurement of radiation interception;389
10.2.1.3;17.1.3 Environmental effects on interception of solar radiation;390
10.2.1.4;17.1.4 Radiation use efficiency;391
10.2.2;17.2 Daylength;393
10.2.2.1;17.2.1 Morphology;393
10.2.2.2;17.2.2 Tuber initiation;393
10.2.2.3;17.2.3 Short day sensitivity;396
10.2.2.4;17.2.4 Earliness;396
10.3;Chapter 18 Responses of the Potato Plant to Temperature;400
10.3.1;18.1 Introduction;400
10.3.1.1;18.1.1 Background and warnings;400
10.3.1.2;18.1.2 Reader’s guide;401
10.3.2;18.2 Sprout Growth, Emergence and Crop Establishment;401
10.3.3;18.3 The Shoot System;402
10.3.3.1;18.3.1 Leaf appearance;403
10.3.3.2;18.3.2 Final leaf number;403
10.3.3.3;18.3.3 Leaf growth and leaf size;405
10.3.3.4;18.3.4 Life span of leaves and specific leaf area;406
10.3.3.5;18.3.5 Number of stems;407
10.3.3.6;18.3.6 Stem morphology;407
10.3.3.7;18.3.7 Stem branching;408
10.3.4;18.4 Stolons;408
10.3.5;18.5 Tubers;410
10.3.5.1;18.5.1 Tuber induction and tuber initiation;410
10.3.5.2;18.5.2 Tuber set;411
10.3.5.3;18.5.3 Tuber bulking;412
10.3.5.4;18.5.4 Dry matter partitioning to tubers and harvest index;412
10.3.5.5;18.5.5 Tuber yield;413
10.3.5.6;18.5.6 Tuber number;413
10.3.5.7;18.5.7 Tuber size distribution;414
10.3.5.8;18.5.8 Tuber quality;414
10.3.5.9;18.5.9 Tuber enzyme activity;414
10.3.6;18.6 Inflorescences and Flowers;415
10.3.7;18.7 Root System;417
10.3.8;18.8 Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Production and Dry Matter Partitioning;417
10.3.9;18.9 Partial Exposure;418
10.3.10;18.10 Effects of Short Periods of Changes in Temperature;419
10.3.11;18.11 Diurnal Temperature Fluctuations;421
10.3.12;18.12 Physiological Behaviour of Seed Tubers;421
10.3.13;18.13 Summary;424
10.4;Chapter 19 Response to the Environment: Carbon Dioxide;428
10.4.1;19.1 Introduction;428
10.4.2;19.2 Effects of Increased CO2 on Crop Growth and Development;429
10.4.3;19.3 Effects of Increased CO2 on Potato Physiology;430
10.4.4;19.4 Effects of Increased CO2 on Yield and Quality;433
10.4.5;19.5 Interactions Between Yield and Stresses at Elevated CO2;438
10.4.6;19.6 Modelling Future Potato Productivity;439
10.4.6.1;19.6.1 Source-driven potato growth models;440
10.4.6.2;19.6.2 Source–sink-based potato growth models;441
10.4.6.3;19.6.3 Applications of potato models to CO2-related issues: towards integrated assessment;442
10.4.7;19.7 Conclusions;442
10.5;Chapter 20 Towards the Development of Salt-Tolerant Potato;448
10.5.1;20.1 Introduction;448
10.5.2;20.2 Salt-Affected Agricultural Lands – Where are They?;449
10.5.2.1;20.2.1 Is potato grown in salt-affected areas?;449
10.5.3;20.3 Integrated Approach to Cropping Saline Soils;452
10.5.4;20.4 Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Plants;453
10.5.4.1;20.4.1 What is known of salinity tolerance mechanisms in potato?;453
10.5.5;20.5 Classification of Salinity Tolerance in Potato;454
10.5.6;20.6 Evaluations of Salinity Tolerance in Potato;455
10.5.6.1;20.6.1 Field and greenhouse evaluations of salinity tolerance in potato;455
10.5.6.2;20.6.2 In vitro evaluations of salinity tolerance in potato;456
10.5.7;20.7 Engineering and Cultural Management Practices for Modulation of Salinity Stress;458
10.5.7.1;20.7.1 Water management for potato crops under salinity stress;458
10.5.7.2;20.7.2 Fertiliser management for potato crops under salinity stress;460
10.5.7.3;20.7.3 Climatic conditions modulate salinity effects on potato;461
10.5.8;20.8 Producing Salinity Tolerant Potato;462
10.5.8.1;20.8.1 Salinity-tolerant wild and/or primitive potato species;462
10.5.8.2;20.8.2 Domestication of wild salt-tolerant potato;462
10.5.8.3;20.8.3 Breeding for increased vigour and yield;463
10.5.8.4;20.8.4 Obtaining salinity tolerance through cell and tissue culture techniques;464
10.5.8.5;20.8.5 Obtaining salinity tolerant potato through genetic engineering;466
10.5.9;20.9 Summary;467
11;Part V Tuber Quality;472
11.1;Chapter 21 The Harvested Crop;474
11.1.1;21.1 Introduction;474
11.1.2;21.2 Nutritional Value;475
11.1.3;21.3 Dry Matter;477
11.1.3.1;21.3.1 Carbohydrates;477
11.1.3.2;21.3.2 Protein;481
11.1.3.3;21.3.3 Vitamins;484
11.1.3.4;21.3.4 Allergens and anti-nutritionals;485
11.1.3.5;21.3.5 Glycoalkaloids;486
11.1.3.6;21.3.6 Other tuber metabolites;487
11.1.3.7;21.3.7 Minerals;487
11.1.4;21.4 Flesh and Skin Colour;488
11.1.4.1;21.4.1 Carotenoids;488
11.1.4.2;21.4.2 Anthocyanins;489
11.1.5;21.5 Greening;491
11.1.6;21.6 Mechanical Damage and Bruising;492
11.1.6.1;21.6.1 Enzymic browning;493
11.1.6.2;21.6.2 Structural and cellular changes;494
11.1.6.3;21.6.3 Field factors and tuber water status;495
11.1.7;21.7 Concluding Comments;499
11.2;Chapter 22 Skin-Set, Wound Healing, and Related Defects;504
11.2.1;22.1 Introduction;504
11.2.2;22.2 Native Periderm and Skin-Set;505
11.2.2.1;22.2.1 Native periderm formation;505
11.2.2.2;22.2.2 Skin-set: a part of native periderm maturation;506
11.2.2.3;22.2.3 Skin-set and native periderm physiology;507
11.2.2.4;22.2.4 Periderm architecture and skinning injury;509
11.2.2.5;22.2.5 Cellular changes associated with skin-set;510
11.2.3;22.3 Wound Healing;512
11.2.3.1;22.3.1 The process of tuber wound healing;512
11.2.3.2;22.3.2 Induction of suberization;513
11.2.3.3;22.3.3 Regulation of suberization;514
11.2.3.4;22.3.4 Environmental effects on suberization;516
11.2.3.5;22.3.5 Characteristics of the biopolymers that form suberin;516
11.2.3.6;22.3.6 Suberization: closing layer and wound periderm formation;517
11.2.3.7;22.3.7 Suberin biosynthesis and structure;518
11.2.3.8;22.3.8 Suberization and resistance to infection;525
11.2.4;22.4 Related Defects;525
11.2.4.1; 22.4.1 Wound-related tuber defects;525
11.2.4.2;22.4.2 Shatter bruising and tuber cracking;526
11.2.4.3;22.4.3 Blackspot and pressure/crush bruising;526
11.2.4.4;22.4.4 Growth cracks;528
11.2.4.5;22.4.5 Skinning;528
11.2.5;22.5 Summary;529
11.3;Chapter 23 Internal Physiological Disorders and Nutritional and Compositional Factors that Affect Market Quality;534
11.3.1;23.1 Introduction;534
11.3.2;23.2 General Nature, Incidence and Severity of Internal Physiological Disorders;535
11.3.2.1;23.2.1 Calcium nutrition and tuber quality;535
11.3.2.2;23.2.2 Brown centre and internal brown spot;537
11.3.2.3;23.2.3 Hollow heart;540
11.3.2.4;23.2.4 Internal heat necrosis;542
11.3.2.5;23.2.5 Stem-end discolouration;543
11.3.2.6;23.2.6 Translucency;545
11.3.2.7;23.2.7 Mottling;546
11.3.3;23.3 Summary of Internal Physiological Disorders;548
11.3.4;23.4 Compositional and Nutritional Changes Affecting End-Use Quality;548
11.3.4.1;23.4.1 Carbohydrates – starch;549
11.3.4.2;23.4.2 Carbohydrates – sugars;549
11.3.4.3;23.4.3 Factors affecting RS concentration in stored potatoes;550
11.3.4.4;23.4.4 Chemical maturity monitoring;551
11.4;Chapter 24 Potato Flavour and Texture;558
11.4.1;24.1 Introduction;558
11.4.2;24.2 Potato Flavour;558
11.4.2.1; 24.2.1 Non-volatile components;558
11.4.2.2;24.2.2 Glycoalkaloids and flavour;560
11.4.2.3;24.2.3 Volatile compounds;560
11.4.2.4;24.2.4 Molecular and genetic approaches to the study of potato flavour;563
11.4.2.5;24.2.5 Molecular approaches to dissecting key constituents of tuber flavour;564
11.4.3;24.3 Potato Tuber Texture;565
12;Part VI Pests and Diseases;574
12.1;Chapter 25 Insect Pests in Potato;576
12.1.1;25.1 Yield and Quality Effects;576
12.1.1.1;25.1.1 Defoliators;576
12.1.1.2;25.1.2 Sap feeders;577
12.1.1.3;25.1.3 Pathogen transmission;577
12.1.1.4;25.1.4 Root and tuber feeding;578
12.1.2;25.2 Insect Pests of Worldwide Importance;578
12.1.2.1; 25.2.1 Aphids;578
12.1.2.2;25.2.2 Colorado potato beetle;583
12.1.2.3;25.2.3 Potato tuber moths;585
12.1.2.4;25.2.4 Leafminers;587
12.1.3;25.3 Regional Pests;589
12.1.3.1;25.3.1 Leafhoppers;589
12.1.3.2;25.3.2 Potato psyllid;590
12.1.3.3;25.3.3 Thrips;590
12.1.3.4;25.3.4 White grubs;591
12.1.3.5;25.3.5 Wireworms;591
12.1.3.6;25.3.6 Ladybird beetles;591
12.1.3.7;25.3.7 Flea beetles;592
12.1.3.8;25.3.8 Andean potato weevils;592
12.1.3.9;25.3.9 Cutworms;593
12.1.4;25.4 Insect Control Tactics;593
12.1.4.1;25.4.1 Insecticides;594
12.1.4.2;25.4.2 Host plant resistance;594
12.1.4.3;25.4.3 Biological control;595
12.1.5;25.5 Conclusions;595
12.2;Chapter 26 The Nematode Parasites of Potato;602
12.2.1;26.1 Potato Cyst Nematodes (Globodera Rostochiensis and Globodera Pallida);602
12.2.1.1;26.1.1 Host range;603
12.2.1.2;26.1.2 Diseases;605
12.2.1.3;26.1.3 Biology;606
12.2.1.4;26.1.4 Dormant stage;607
12.2.2;26.2 Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne SPP.);608
12.2.2.1;26.2.1 Disease;609
12.2.2.2;26.2.2 Biology;609
12.2.2.3;26.2.3 Spread;611
12.2.3;26.3 The False Root-Knot Nematode Nacobbus Aberrans;611
12.2.3.1;26.3.1 Host range;611
12.2.3.2;26.3.2 Disease;612
12.2.3.3;26.3.3 Biology;612
12.2.3.4;26.3.4 Spread;612
12.2.4;26.4 Virus Vector Nematodes (Trichodorus SPP.);613
12.2.4.1;26.4.1 Disease;614
12.2.4.2;26.4.2 Biology;614
12.2.5;26.5 The Root Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus SPP.);615
12.2.5.1;26.5.1 Disease;615
12.2.5.2;26.5.2 Biology;615
12.2.6;26.6 Ditylenchus Destructor and Ditylenchus Dipsaci;615
12.2.6.1;26.6.1 Host range;616
12.2.6.2;26.6.2 Disease;616
12.2.6.3;26.6.3 Biology;617
12.2.7;26.7 Control;617
12.2.7.1;26.7.1 Prophylaxis;617
12.2.7.2;26.7.2 Cultural methods;618
12.2.7.3;26.7.3 Physical methods;619
12.2.7.4;26.7.4 Chemical treatments;619
12.2.7.5;26.7.5 Biological methods;620
12.2.7.6;26.7.6 Resistant varieties;621
12.2.8;26.8 Conclusions;624
12.3;Chapter 27 Bacterial Pathogens of Potato;628
12.3.1;27.1 Introduction;628
12.3.2;27.2 Pathogen Biology;628
12.3.2.1;27.2.1 Ralstonia solanacearum;628
12.3.2.2;27.2.2 Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus;630
12.3.2.3;27.2.3 Pectolytic erwinias;630
12.3.2.4;27.2.4 Streptomyces scabies;632
12.3.3;27.3 Pathology;633
12.3.3.1;27.3.1 Symptoms and factors favouring symptom expression;633
12.3.3.2;27.3.2 Economic importance;637
12.3.3.3;27.3.3 Geographic distribution;638
12.3.4;27.4 Ecology;639
12.3.4.1; 27.4.1 Plant colonization;639
12.3.4.2;27.4.2 Survival;640
12.3.4.3;27.4.3 Dissemination;641
12.3.5;27.5 Control;643
12.3.5.1;27.5.1 Use of clean seed;643
12.3.5.2;27.5.2 Inoculum reduction;645
12.3.5.3;27.5.3 Agronomic practices;646
12.3.6;27.6 Perspectives;647
12.4;Chapter 28 Viruses: Economical Losses and Biotechnological Potential;652
12.4.1;28.1 Introduction;652
12.4.2;28.2 Viruses Infecting Potato;652
12.4.3;28.3 New and Emerging Viruses and their Detection;655
12.4.3.1; 28.3.1 Molecular detection and identification;655
12.4.3.2;28.3.2 New viruses;656
12.4.3.3;28.3.3 Emerging viruses;657
12.4.4;28.4 Economic Impact of PVY;659
12.4.4.1;28.4.1 Mixed infections;661
12.4.4.2;28.4.2 Impact of primary and secondary infection;661
12.4.4.3;28.4.3 Costs to seed production;662
12.4.4.4;28.4.4 Yield loss depending on cultivar resistance and PVY strain;663
12.4.4.5;28.4.5 Aetiology and evolutionary perspectives;664
12.4.5;28.5 Infectious cDNA Clones of Potato Viruses and their use as Biotechnological Tools;665
12.4.5.1;28.5.1 Use of potato viruses as gene vectors;665
12.4.5.2;28.5.2 Studies on viral infection cycle using infectious cDNAs of potato viruses;666
12.5;Chapter 29 Fungal and Fungus-Like Pathogens of Potato;676
13;Part VII Biotechnology;700
13.1;Chapter 30 Developments in Transgenic Biology and the Genetic Engineering of Useful Traits;702
13.1.1;30.1 Introduction;702
13.1.2;30.2 Genetic Transformation of Potato;703
13.1.3;30.3 Developments in Transgenic Biology;707
13.1.3.1;30.3.1 Protocol refinements;707
13.1.3.2;30.3.2 Enhanced or alternative transformation strategies;708
13.1.4;30.4 The Genetic Engineering of Useful Traits;711
13.1.4.1;30.4.1 Resistance to major pests and diseases;712
13.1.4.2;30.4.2 Tuber quality traits;714
13.1.4.3;30.4.3 Nutritional value;714
13.1.5;30.5 Summary and Future Developments;716
13.2;Chapter 31 Field-Testing of Transgenic Potatoes;720
13.2.1;31.1 Introduction;720
13.2.2;31.2 Transgenic Potatoes in the Context of Potato Breeding;722
13.2.3;31.3 The Importance of Field-Testing Transgenic Potatoes;724
13.2.3.1;31.3.1 Field confirmation of transgenic phenotype;724
13.2.3.2;31.3.2 Occurrence of off-types;725
13.2.4;31.4 The Design of a Field-Testing Programme;728
13.2.5;31.5 Strategies to Reduce the Frequency of Off-Types;730
13.2.6;31.6 Assessment of Biosafety Issues;732
13.2.7;31.7 Conclusions;734
13.3;Chapter 32 Soil-Free Techniques;738
13.3.1;32.1 Introduction;738
13.3.2;32.2 Mini-Tuber Production;741
13.3.3;32.3 In Vitro Multiplication Techniques;742
13.3.3.1;32.3.1 Axillary-bud proliferation;742
13.3.3.2;32.3.2 Micro-tuber production;743
13.3.3.3;32.3.3 Somatic embryogenesis;745
13.3.4;32.4 Hydroponics and Aeroponics;747
13.3.5;32.5 Future Prospects;748
14;Part VIII Crop Management;750
14.1;Chapter 33 Agronomic Practices;752
14.1.1;33.1 Introduction;752
14.1.2;33.2 Planning and Preparation;752
14.1.2.1;33.2.1 Market;753
14.1.2.2;33.2.2 Calendar;754
14.1.2.3;33.2.3 Seed;755
14.1.2.4;33.2.4 Site selection;760
14.1.2.5;33.2.5 Soil analysis;760
14.1.2.6;33.2.6 Fertiliser;761
14.1.3;33.3 Soil Management;762
14.1.3.1;33.3.1 Cultivation;762
14.1.3.2;33.3.2 Control of soil-borne pests and diseases;763
14.1.3.3;33.3.3 Weed control;763
14.1.3.4;33.3.4 Irrigation;764
14.1.4;33.4 Crop Establishment and Management;765
14.1.4.1;33.4.1 Planting;765
14.1.4.2;33.4.2 Crop protection;766
14.1.4.3;33.4.3 Covers, mulches, soil amendments and intercropping;767
14.1.4.4;33.4.4 Defoliation;767
14.1.4.5;33.4.5 Harvesting;768
14.1.5;33.5 Post-harvest Handling and Storage;768
14.1.5.1;33.5.1 Crop monitoring;769
14.2;Chapter 34 Minerals, Soils and Roots;772
14.2.1;34.1 Introduction;772
14.2.2;34.2 Optimizing the Application of Fertilisers;775
14.2.2.1;34.2.1 Nitrogen;775
14.2.2.2;34.2.2 Potassium;776
14.2.2.3;34.2.3 Phosphorus;777
14.2.3;34.3 Optimizing Plant Physiology for Mineral Acquisition and Utilization;778
14.2.3.1;34.3.1 Nitrogen;779
14.2.3.2;34.3.2 Potassium;780
14.2.3.3;34.3.3 Phosphorus;781
14.2.4;34.4 Soil Conditions and Potato Growth;782
14.2.5;34.5 Summary;783
14.3;Chapter 35 Mathematical Models of Plant Growth and Development;786
14.3.1;35.1 Introduction;786
14.3.2;35.2 Aims and Approaches;787
14.3.2.1;35.2.1 Top-down/bottom-up;788
14.3.2.2;35.2.2 Source-driven/sink-based;789
14.3.3;35.3 Applications;790
14.3.3.1;35.3.1 Potential yields;790
14.3.3.2;35.3.2 Actual yields;792
14.3.3.3;35.3.3 Outstanding difficulties and inadequacies – root growth;796
14.3.3.4;35.3.4 Ideotyping;798
14.3.3.5;35.3.5 Forecasting;799
14.3.4;35.4 Calibration/Validation and Other Difficulties;802
14.3.4.1;35.4.1 Sensitivity analysis;802
14.3.4.2;35.4.2 Calibration and validation;803
14.3.4.3;35.4.3 Modellers tend to believe their models;805
14.3.5;35.5 Future Work;805
14.4;Chapter 36 Decision Support Systems in Potato Production;810
14.4.1;36.1 Definition;810
14.4.2;36.2 Opportunity;810
14.4.3;36.3 Current Availability;811
14.4.3.1;36.3.1 Late blight;814
14.4.3.2;36.3.2 Fertiliser;817
14.4.3.3;36.3.3 Irrigation;820
14.4.3.4;36.3.4 Tuber size distribution;823
14.4.4;36.4 Take-Up in General;825
14.4.5;36.5 The Way Forward;825
14.4.5.1;36.5.1 Barriers to uptake;825
14.4.5.2;36.5.2 The customer;827
14.4.6;36.6 Conclusion;829
15;Index;834
