E-Book, Englisch, 662 Seiten, Web PDF
Ballantyne / Marrs Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9365-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
E-Book, Englisch, 662 Seiten, Web PDF
ISBN: 978-1-4831-9365-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1;Front Cover;1
2;Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;6
5;Foreword;10
6;Preface;12
7;Contributors;14
8;Abbreviations used in the text;20
9;PART I: BASIC SCIENCE;22
9.1;Chapter 1. Overview of the biological and clinical aspects of organophosphates and carbamates;24
9.1.1;Chemistry;24
9.1.2;Nomenclature of antiChEs;24
9.1.3;Ecological aspects;27
9.1.4;ChEs and cholinergic function;27
9.1.5;Toxicology;28
9.1.6;References;33
9.2;Chapter 2. Biochemical determination of cholinesterase activity in biological fluids and tissues;36
9.2.1;Introduction;36
9.2.2;How to preserve sample quality;36
9.2.3;Analytical methods;38
9.2.4;References;44
9.3;Chapter 3. Histochemical localization of cholinesterase in anticholinesterase poisoning;49
9.3.1;Introduction;49
9.3.2;Histochemical methods;49
9.3.3;Cytochemical methods;53
9.3.4;References;54
9.4;Chapter 4. Pharmacology and toxicology of organophosphates;56
9.4.1;Historical note;56
9.4.2;Mechanism of action;56
9.4.3;Cholinergic nerves;57
9.4.4;Pharmacology;57
9.4.5;Toxicology;58
9.4.6;Therapeutic applications;59
9.4.7;Acknowledgements;59
9.4.8;References;59
9.5;Chapter 5. Pharmacology and toxicology of carbamates;61
9.5.1;Introduction;61
9.5.2;Pharmacological action of CB drugs;62
9.5.3;Toxicological action of CB insecticides;63
9.5.4;References;66
9.6;Chapter 6. Structure-activity relationships and anticholinesterase activity;68
9.6.1;Introduction;68
9.6.2;Kinetics of AChE inhibition;68
9.6.3;Structure of AChE;68
9.6.4;OP compounds;69
9.6.5;Carbamates;75
9.6.6;References;78
10;PART 2: NEUROTOXICITY;80
10.1;Chapter 7. Neurobehavioural toxicology of anticholinesterases;82
10.1.1;Introduction;82
10.1.2;Influence of antiChEs on sensory function;84
10.1.3;Influence of antiChEs on cognitive function;85
10.1.4;Influence of antiChEs on motor function;86
10.1.5;Influence of antiChEs on affective function;88
10.1.6;Discussion;88
10.1.7;References;90
10.2;Chapter 8. Central neurotoxicity and behavioural effects of anticholinesterases;96
10.2.1;Introduction;96
10.2.2;Cholinergic system in the CNS;96
10.2.3;Biochemical effects of antiChEs on CNS;97
10.2.4;Clinical and behavioural effects on CNS of antiChEs;98
10.2.5;Conclusions;100
10.2.6;References;101
10.3;Chapter 9. Acute and subchronic neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of anticholinesterases;105
10.3.1;Introduction;105
10.3.2;Neurotoxicity;105
10.3.3;Cardiac effects;108
10.3.4;References;108
10.4;Chapter 10. Molecular events in delayed neuropathy: experimental aspects of neuropathy target esterase;111
10.4.1;Introduction;111
10.4.2;A review of statements about NTE and OPIDP;111
10.4.3;Molecular events at the target;119
10.4.4;A review of questions about NTE and OPIDP;126
10.4.5;Other recent studies of NTE;128
10.4.6;General conclusion;129
10.4.7;References;130
10.5;Chapter 11. Validation of a rodent model of organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy;135
10.5.1;Introduction;135
10.5.2;Distribution of neuropathic damage in rat OPIDN;135
10.5.3;Biochemical index of rat OPIDN;138
10.5.4;Manipulation of OPIDN in the rat;138
10.5.5;Age related sensitivity in rat OPIDN;139
10.5.6;Triphenyl phosphite neuropathy;140
10.5.7;Mouse model of OPIDN;142
10.5.8;Variations in the rat and chicken models;143
10.5.9;References;144
10.6;Chapter 12. Intermediate syndrome in anticholinesterase neurotoxicity;147
10.6.1;Clinical features;147
10.6.2;Diagnosis;148
10.6.3;Investigations;148
10.6.4;Treatment;148
10.6.5;Pathogenic mechanisms;149
10.6.6;Clinical course;149
10.6.7;Conclusions;151
10.6.8;References;151
11;PART 3: SPECIFIC ORGAN AND LONG-TERMT OXICITY;154
11.1;Chapter 13. Cardiac effects of anticholinesterase agents;156
11.1.1;Introduction;156
11.1.2;Cardiac biochemistry;156
11.1.3;Cardiac electrophysiology;157
11.1.4;Direct effects of antiChEs;158
11.1.5;Atrial effects of antiChEs;159
11.1.6;OP effects of vagal activity;159
11.1.7;AntiChEs and the ventricular system;160
11.1.8;Therapy for antiChEs;160
11.1.9;References;162
11.2;Chapter 14. Effects of organophosphates on the heart;166
11.2.1;Introduction;166
11.2.2;Cardiac arrhythmias and OPs;166
11.2.3;References;169
11.3;Chapter 15. Effects of anticholinesterases on airway smooth muscle;170
11.3.1;Introduction;170
11.3.2;Characterization of antiChE responses;170
11.3.3;Acknowledgements;175
11.3.4;References;175
11.4;Chapter 16. Pulmonary toxicity of anticholinesterases;177
11.4.1;Introduction;177
11.4.2;Exposure to antiChEs;177
11.4.3;OP compounds;178
11.4.4;Trialkylphosphorothioates;179
11.4.5;The role of cytochrome P-450 enzymes;181
11.4.6;Bronchiolar effects of trialkylphosphorothioates
;183
11.4.7;Conclusions;184
11.4.8;Acknowledgements;185
11.4.9;References;185
11.5;Chapter 17. Anticholinesterase-induced myonecrosis
;188
11.5.1;Overall objectives;188
11.5.2;Background;188
11.5.3;Modification of antiChE toxicity;192
11.5.4;Prevention of the myopathy;195
11.5.5;Myopathy in human muscles;196
11.5.6;Comments and conclusions;197
11.5.7;Acknowledgements;198
11.5.8;References;198
11.6;Chapter 18. Ophthalmic toxicology of anticholinesterases;201
11.6.1;Introduction;201
11.6.2;Distribution of ChEs in ocular tissues;201
11.6.3;Cornea and conjunctiva;201
11.6.4;Penetration and distribution of antiChEs;201
11.6.5;Ciliary body;203
11.6.6;Lens;205
11.6.7;Aqueous humour;206
11.6.8;Retina and optic nerve;207
11.6.9;Saku disease;209
11.6.10;Extra-ocular muscles;209
11.6.11;References;210
11.7;Chapter 19. Nephrotoxicity of anticholinesterases;216
11.7.1;Introduction;216
11.7.2;Kidney function and nephrotoxicity;216
11.7.3;Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects;217
11.7.4;Parasympathetic control of renal function
;217
11.7.5;AntiChE effects on renal excretory function;218
11.7.6;Histopathologic evaluations of nephrotoxicity;219
11.7.7;Evidence of nephrotoxicity in humans;220
11.7.8;Conclusion;221
11.7.9;Acknowledgements;222
11.7.10;References;222
11.8;Chapter 20. Immunotoxicology of anticholinesterase agents;224
11.8.1;Esterases and immune responses;224
11.8.2;ChE inhibitors as potential alkylating agents;224
11.8.3;Immunomodulation by antiChE pesticides
;225
11.8.4;Immunologie effects of plasticizer TOTP;227
11.8.5;Allergic sensitization by OPs and CBs;228
11.8.6;Future perspectives and conclusions;229
11.8.7;References;229
11.9;Chapter 21. Immunotoxic effects of anticholinesterases;232
11.9.1;Overview of immunotoxicology;232
11.9.2;Immunotoxicity of OP compounds;235
11.9.3;Summary;238
11.9.4;References;239
11.10;Chapter 22. Genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of anticholinesterases;244
11.10.1;Introduction;244
11.10.2;Methods;244
11.10.3;Results;248
11.10.4;Carcinogenic potential of OPs;256
11.10.5;Discussion;256
11.10.6;References;258
11.11;Chapter 23. Development and reproductive toxicity of anticholinesterases;262
11.11.1;Introduction;262
11.11.2;Carbamates;262
11.11.3;Organophosphates;267
11.11.4;Human exposures;271
11.11.5;Summary and conclusions;272
11.11.6;Acknowledgements;273
11.11.7;References;273
12;PART 4: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS;280
12.1;Chapter 24. Agricultural and veterinary toxicology of anticholinesterases;282
12.1.1;AntiChE use on domestic animals;282
12.1.2;Circumstances of domestic animal antiChE exposure;282
12.1.3;Agricultural toxicities from antiChEs;283
12.1.4;Management of antiChE toxicity in domestic animals
;285
12.1.5;Unique aspects of antiChE use in agricultural and veterinary medicine;288
12.1.6;References;291
12.2;Chapter 25. Avian toxicology of anticholinesterases;293
12.2.1;Birds compared with mammals;293
12.2.2;Lethal toxicology: acute oral and dietary;295
12.2.3;Lethal toxicology: factors of exposure, formulation, and interaction;299
12.2.4;Sublethal toxicology and reproductive effects;305
12.2.5;Ecotoxicity and diagnosis of antiChE poisoning;309
12.2.6;References;310
12.3;Chapter 26. Ecotoxicological consequences of interactions between avian esterases and organophosphorus compounds;316
12.3.1;Introduction;316
12.3.2;Biochemical mechanisms: interaction of OP compounds with esterases;316
12.3.3;Biological consequences of exposure to antiChEs;318
12.3.4;Variations in avian toxicity of OP and CB pesticides;319
12.3.5;Biochemical basis of selectivity;321
12.3.6;Conclusions;323
12.3.7;References;323
12.4;Chapter 27. Toxicity of anticholinesterases to aquatic organisms;326
12.4.1;Introduction;326
12.4.2;Persistence in soils and transport to the aquatic environment
;326
12.4.3;Residues in the aquatic environment;327
12.4.4;Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of antiChE
;328
12.4.5;Fish brain AChE inhibition studies;328
12.4.6;In vivo and in vitro toxicity of antiChE;333
12.4.7;Degradation product or metabolite toxicity and MFO induction;333
12.4.8;Inhibition in other tissues and other organisms, and other AChE inhibitors;334
12.4.9;Long-term effects of antiChEs;334
12.4.10;AChE inhibition and environmental monitoring;335
12.4.11;References;336
13;PART 5: EXPOSURE PATTERNS;340
13.1;Chapter 28. Cutaneous absorption of anticholinesterases;342
13.1.1;Introduction;342
13.1.2;In vivopercutaneous absorption of antiCht agents;343
13.1.3;In vitro methods and percutaneous penetration;347
13.1.4;In vivo and in vitro comparisons;349
13.1.5;References;351
13.2;Chapter 29. Respiratory tract absorption of anticholinesterases;355
13.2.1;Inhalation exposure to antiChEs;355
13.2.2;Absorption of gases and vapours;355
13.2.3;Aerosols;356
13.2.4;Respiratory tract responses following inhalation of antiChEs;356
13.2.5;Inhalation exposure systems and considerations;357
13.2.6;References;358
13.3;Chapter 30. Exposure of agricultural workers to anticholinesterases;360
13.3.1;Introduction;360
13.3.2;Monitoring worker exposure and absorption;360
13.3.3;Occupational hazard;362
13.3.4;Safety and protection;363
13.3.5;References;365
13.4;Chapter 31. Greenhouse exposure to anticholinesterases;367
13.4.1;Introduction;367
13.4.2;Measuring the effects of glasshouse exposure to antiChE agents;368
13.4.3;Discussion;370
13.4.4;References;371
13.5;Chapter 32. Commercial and residential poisoning with anticholinesterases;373
13.5.1;Introduction;373
13.5.2;Annual reports of the poison control centres;374
13.5.3;Pesticide incident monitoring system;375
13.5.4;Conclusions;382
13.5.5;Acknowledgements;383
13.5.6;References;383
13.6;Chapter 33. Residues of anticholinesterases in foodstuffs;385
13.6.1;Introduction;385
13.6.2;Acceptable residue levels;385
13.6.3;Analytical methods;385
13.6.4;Toxicity of residues;386
13.6.5;Levels of residues;386
13.6.6;References;390
13.7;Chapter 34. Organophosphorus compounds as chemical warfare agents;394
13.7.1;Properties of nerve agents;396
13.7.2;Clinical aspects of nerve agent poisoning;398
13.7.3;Diagnosis of nerve agent poisoning;402
13.7.4;Management of nerve agent poisoning under field conditions;402
13.7.5;Conclusions;403
13.7.6;References;403
13.8;Chapter 35. Combustion toxicology of anticholinesterases;407
13.8.1;Introduction;407
13.8.2;Decomposition conditions in fires and toxic product formation;407
13.8.3;Combustion products of antiChEs;408
13.8.4;Combustion products of phosphorusbased fire retardants;410
13.8.5;Toxicity of combustion products containing phosphorus-based fire retardants;410
13.8.6;Formation of extreme potency neurotoxic caged bicyclophosphorus esters in combustion products;413
13.8.7;References;416
14;PART 6: PROTECTION AND MONITORING;418
14.1;Chapter 36. General considerations on workplace safety for anticholinesterases;420
14.1.1;Introduction;420
14.1.2;Workplace and sources of exposure;420
14.1.3;Routes of exposure;421
14.1.4;Medical surveillance of persons potentially exposed to AChEs;424
14.1.5;Protective measures;427
14.1.6;Education, instruction and training;428
14.1.7;Responding to emergencies;429
14.1.8;References;432
14.2;Chapter 37. Physical protection against anticholinesterases;435
14.2.1;Introduction;435
14.2.2;Physical protection;437
14.2.3;References;441
14.3;Chapter 38. Screening of agricultural workers for exposure to anticholinesterases;442
14.3.1;Introduction;442
14.3.2;Factors affecting ChE activity;442
14.3.3;Analytical test procedures for ChE determination;443
14.3.4;ChE screening programme;445
14.3.5;Summary;448
14.3.6;References;448
14.4;Chapter 39. Monitoring for exposure to anticholinesterase-inhibiting organophorsphorus and carbamate compounds by urine analysis;451
14.4.1;Introduction;451
14.4.2;Quantitative exposure assessment;451
14.4.3;Metabolism;452
14.4.4;Methods for analysis of urinary metabolites;454
14.4.5;Use of urinary metabolite data for exposure estimation;459
14.4.6;Conclusions;460
14.4.7;References;461
14.5;Chapter 40. Neurophysiological monitors of anticholinesterase exposure;467
14.5.1;Introduction;467
14.5.2;Basis of neurophysiological monitoring;467
14.5.3;Neurophysiological techniques for monitoring the effects of antiChE agents;468
14.5.4;AntiChE-induced neurophysiological changes: experimental studies;472
14.5.5;AntiChE-induced neurophysiological changes in human studies: peripheral effects;474
14.5.6;References;477
15;PART 7: CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS;482
15.1;Chapter 41. Organophosphate poisoning in the UK: the National Poisons Information Service experience during 1984–1987;484
15.1.1;Introduction;484
15.1.2;Methods;484
15.1.3;Results;485
15.1.4;Discussion;487
15.1.5;Acknowledgements;490
15.1.6;References;490
15.2;Chapter 42. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to anticholinesterase poisoning in the USA;492
15.2.1;Incidence of antiChE poisoning in the USA;492
15.2.2;AntiChE poisoning incidence and selected exposures, California;494
15.2.3;Study of OP and CB poisoning in infants and children;496
15.2.4;Aldicarb;496
15.2.5;Chronic neurological sequelae following acute OP poisoning;497
15.2.6;Miscellaneous observations on the presentation of antiChE poisoning;498
15.2.7;Therapeutic attitudes to antiChE poisoning in the USA;499
15.2.8;References;501
15.3;Chapter 43. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to antiChE poisoning in Asia;503
15.3.1;Incidence of antiChE poisoning in Asia;503
15.3.2;Presentation of antiChE poisoning in Asia;505
15.3.3;Therapeutic attitudes to antiChE in Asia;507
15.3.4;Discussion;507
15.3.5;Summary;508
15.3.6;Acknowledgements;509
15.3.7;References;509
15.4;Chapter 44. Incidence, presentation and therapeutic attitudes to anticholinesterase poisoning in Egypt;510
15.4.1;Incidence of antiChE poisoning in Egypt;510
15.4.2;Clinical presentation;512
15.4.3;Treatment of acute intoxication;513
15.4.4;Conclusion and recommendations;513
15.4.5;Acknowledgement;513
15.4.6;References;513
15.5;Chapter 45. Anticholinesterases used in the USSR: poisoning, treatment and preventative measures;515
15.5.1;Causes of poisoning;515
15.5.2;Clinical forms and pathogenesis of poisoning;516
15.5.3;Treatment;518
15.5.4;Prevention;519
15.5.5;References;519
15.6;Chapter 46. Acute anticholinesterase poisoning in China;523
15.6.1;Introduction;523
15.6.2;Incidence of pesticide poisoning;523
15.6.3;Acute antiChE poisoning;525
15.6.4;'Subacute poisoning' in OP packers;527
15.6.5;Delayed neuropathy;528
15.6.6;Experimental toxicology;528
15.6.7;References;529
16;PART 8: CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS;532
16.1;Chapter 47. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of acute organophosphorus insecticide and carbamate poisoning;534
16.1.1;Introduction;534
16.1.2;OP insecticide poisoning;534
16.1.3;Laboratory findings;536
16.1.4;Subacute toxicity after acute poisoning
;537
16.1.5;Long-term sequelae;538
16.1.6;CB insecticides;538
16.1.7;References;538
16.2;Chapter 48. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency and anticholinesterase toxicity;541
16.2.1;Ps ChE: general properties;541
16.2.2;Decreased ChE activity;541
16.2.3;Determination of ChE activity and genotypes;542
16.2.4;New methods of identifying PsChE genotypes;544
16.2.5;Plasma ChE activity and the reaction to suxamethonium;544
16.2.6;Diagnosis and treatment of prolonged NM blockade following suxamethonium;546
16.2.7;Plasma ChE and mivacurium;547
16.2.8;References;547
16.3;Chapter 49. Clinical management of acute organophosphate poisoning: an overview;549
16.3.1;Introduction;549
16.3.2;Management;551
16.3.3;References;555
16.4;Chapter 50. Anticholinesterase poisoning: an overview of pharmacotherapy;557
16.4.1;Introduction;557
16.4.2;Antidote therapy;557
16.4.3;Acknowledgements;561
16.4.4;References;561
16.5;Chapter 51. Atropine in the management of anticholinesterase poisoning;564
16.5.1;Introduction;564
16.5.2;Physicochemical properties;564
16.5.3;Synthesis and formulation;565
16.5.4;Pharmacology;565
16.5.5;Pharmacokinetics;565
16.5.6;Pharmacodynamics;566
16.5.7;Toxicology;566
16.5.8;Antidotal efficacy in OP poisoning;567
16.5.9;References;572
16.6;Chapter 52. Efficacy, toxicity and clinical use of oximes in anticholinesterase poisoning;576
16.6.1;Introduction;576
16.6.2;Mode of action;577
16.6.3;Efficacy;581
16.6.4;Clinical use of oximes;586
16.6.5;References;590
16.7;Chapter 53. Anticonvulsants in anticholinesterase poisoning;599
16.7.1;Effect of antiChEs on muscle and nerve cell activity;599
16.7.2;Brief survey of anticonvulsants;601
16.7.3;Anticonvulsants used in the experimental therapy of antiChE poisoning;603
16.7.4;Anticonvulsants used in the clinical therapy of antiChE poisoning;604
16.7.5;References;605
16.8;Chapter 54. Calcium channel blocking agents in the management of acute anticholinesterase poisoning;608
16.8.1;Introduction;608
16.8.2;Protection of animals against poisoning by OP antiChEs;608
16.8.3;Actions of antiChEs and Ca2+ channel blockers on motor nerve endings;610
16.8.4;Effect of Ca2+ channel blockers on NM transmission;611
16.8.5;Interaction of Ca2+ channel blockers with NM blocking agents;613
16.8.6;Summary;614
16.8.7;References;614
16.9;Chapter 55. Acetylcholinesterase sequestration of organophosphate intoxicants;617
16.9.1;Introduction;617
16.9.2;Experimental results;617
16.9.3;Discussion;621
16.9.4;References;621
16.10;Chapter 56. Prophylaxis against anticholinesterase poisoning;623
16.10.1;Introduction;623
16.10.2;Animal studies on prophylaxis;624
16.10.3;The place of prophylaxis in clinical practice;629
16.10.4;References;629
16.11;Chapter 57. Role of poison control centres in the recognition and management of anticholinesterase poisoning;632
16.11.1;Criteria for certification as a regional poison centre;632
16.11.2;Role of regional poison centres in antiChE poisonings;633
16.11.3;Data collection/analysis;636
16.11.4;Summary;637
16.11.5;References;637
16.12;Chapter 58. Forensic aspects of acute anticholinesterase poisoning;639
16.12.1;Causes of poisoning;639
16.12.2;Diagnosis of acute lethal antiChE poisoning;640
16.12.3;References;642
16.13;Chapter 59. Aerial application and spray drift of anticholinesterases: protective measures;644
16.13.1;Introduction;644
16.13.2;Spray formulation and application: conventional and ultralow volume;644
16.13.3;Environmental control measures;646
16.13.4;Total absorption estimates and exposure-effect relationships: aerial sprayers;646
16.13.5;Low-level exposures;647
16.13.6;Hazard for residents living near sprayed areas;647
16.13.7;Preventative measures and their evaluation;650
16.13.8;Acknowledgements;651
16.13.9;References;651
17;Index;654
