Basedow / Kono Special Economic Zones

Law and Policy Perspectives
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-16-154984-7
Verlag: Mohr Siebeck
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 117, 270 Seiten

Reihe: Beiträge zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht

By their very nature, Special Economic Zones encompass various elements studied in the academic disciplines of economics, political science and law. While their objectives are determined by economics, and their structures, implications and limits by law, their implementation requires a certain combination and cooperation of political forces, something which has been the subject of political science enquiries. A conference held at Kyushu University in Fukuoka convened scholars from all these disciplines to put Special Economic Zones into perspective. The papers presented highlighted functions and structures, historical aspects, the political dimension and foreign equivalents of deregulation, the interplay of such zones, and constitutional considerations. Freedom of contract and competition law, plus the effects that these economy-boosting tools may have on labour and innovation are also dealt with.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Basedow, Jürgen

Kono, Toshiyuki

Fachgebiete

• Rechtswissenschaften Wirtschaftsrecht
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Volkswirtschaftslehre Wirtschaftspolitik, politische Ökonomie
• Wirtschaftswissenschaften Volkswirtschaftslehre Internationale Wirtschaft

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Preface;6
3;Contents;8
4;Abbreviations;10
5;Introduction;14
5.1;Jürgen Basedow: Boosting the Economy – Special Economic Zones or Nationwide Deregulation?;16
5.1.1;I. Special Economic Zones in Asian Countries;17
5.1.1.1;1. Survey;17
5.1.1.2;2. Comparative observations;18
5.1.2;II. Reasons for the Geographical Confinement of Reform Legislation;20
5.1.3;III. Variants of Deregulation in Europe and Germany;22
5.1.4;IV. Market Deregulation – Foundations;24
5.1.4.1;1. Constitutive and restrictive regulations;24
5.1.4.2;2. Consequences of (de-)regulation;25
5.1.5;V. Market Deregulation – Implementation in Germany;27
5.1.6;VI. Flexibilization of the Labor Market;30
5.1.7;VII. Conclusion;32
6;I. Foundations;34
6.1;Ren Yatsunami: Historical Perspective on Special Economic Zones in Japan;36
6.1.1;I. Introduction;36
6.1.2;II. The Rise of Special Economic Zones in Japan;37
6.1.2.1;1. The government’s view on Special Economic Zones in the past;38
6.1.2.1.1;a) Policy debates on Special Economic Zones in the late 20?? century;38
6.1.2.1.2;b) Special Economic Zones in Okinawa;40
6.1.2.2;2. Historical analysis;44
6.1.2.2.1;a) The “well-balanced land development” principle;44
6.1.2.2.2;b) Special Economic Zones as an institution for regional economic gap adjustment;45
6.1.3;III. Special Economic Zones for Stimulating the National Economy;47
6.1.3.1;1. Special Zones for structural reform;48
6.1.3.1.1;a) Proposal through multiple channels;48
6.1.3.1.2;b) Legislative history;52
6.1.3.2;2. Comprehensive Special Zones;53
6.1.3.2.1;a) Historical background;53
6.1.3.2.2;b) Selection and focus;55
6.1.4;IV. Special Economic Zones in Abenomics;56
6.1.4.1;1. National strategic Special Zones;57
6.1.4.1.1;a) The Takenaka proposal;57
6.1.4.1.2;b) Drill to break through the bedrock of vested interests;58
6.1.4.2;2. Local Abenomics;60
6.1.4.2.1;a) Impact of the Masuda Report;60
6.1.4.2.2;b) Special Zones for Regional Revitalization;62
6.1.5;V. Conclusion;63
6.2;Toshiyuki Kono / Kazuaki Kagami: The Structure and Functions of Special Economic Zones;64
6.2.1;I. Introduction;64
6.2.2;II. Preliminary Discussions;65
6.2.2.1;1. Definition of SEZ;65
6.2.2.2;2. Overview of SEZs;66
6.2.2.3;3. Traditional types of SEZs;67
6.2.2.3.1;a) Basic stance of differentiation;67
6.2.2.3.2;b) Type I: Expansion of transaction volumes;68
6.2.2.3.3;c) Type II: Promotion of manufacturing;68
6.2.2.3.4;d) Type III: Hybrid;69
6.2.2.3.5;e) Changes to the SEZ’s character;69
6.2.2.4;4. Contemporary types of SEZs;70
6.2.2.4.1;a) SEZs to promote structural reform;70
6.2.2.4.2;b) Role of law;70
6.2.2.4.3;c) Dilemma;70
6.2.2.5;5. Two analytical perspectives: macro and micro;71
6.2.3;III. Macro Analysis;71
6.2.3.1;1. Introduction;71
6.2.3.2;2. Isolated SEZs;73
6.2.3.2.1;a) Development of the isolated SEZs;73
6.2.3.2.2;b) Implication for policy;74
6.2.3.3;3. SEZs and the link to surrounding areas I: Static functions;74
6.2.3.3.1;a) Supply of business resources;74
6.2.3.3.2;b) Trickle-down effect – spreading from SEZs to its surrounding areas;74
6.2.3.3.3;c) Spillover – spreading effects from SEZs to surrounding areas;75
6.2.3.3.4;d) Outflow of business resources from surrounding areas;75
6.2.3.3.5;e) Diverse conditions for business activities;76
6.2.3.3.6;f) Implications for policy making;76
6.2.3.4;4. SEZs and the link with surrounding areas II: Dynamic functions;76
6.2.3.4.1;a) Policy laboratory;76
6.2.3.5;5. SEZs linked to foreign countries;78
6.2.3.5.1;a) Introduction of resources;78
6.2.3.5.2;b) Expansion of exportation;80
6.2.3.5.3;c) Support of infant industry;81
6.2.3.5.4;d) Inter-regional competition;81
6.2.3.6;6. SEZs linked with foreign and surrounding areas;82
6.2.3.6.1;a) Theoretical analysis;82
6.2.3.6.2;b) Empirical studies;83
6.2.3.6.3;c) Implications for policy;86
6.2.4;IV. SEZs from the Micro Perspective;86
6.2.4.1;1. Introduction;86
6.2.4.2;2. SEZ as a system;87
6.2.4.2.1;a) System approach;87
6.2.4.2.2;b) Elements of SEZs (1): players;87
6.2.4.2.3;c) Elements of SEZs (2): environment;87
6.2.4.2.4;d) Interrelations among elements in SEZs;88
6.2.4.3;3. SCP approach;89
6.2.4.3.1;a) Introduction to the SCP approach;89
6.2.4.3.2;b) Complexity: cyclicality between structure, conduct and performance;90
6.2.4.3.3;c) SEZs through the lens of the SCP approach;91
6.2.4.3.4;d) Classification of SEZs from the SCP approach;91
6.2.4.4;4. Marshall’s model of industrial agglomeration;92
6.2.4.4.1;a) Marshall’s externality and industrial agglomeration;92
6.2.4.4.2;b) Spillover;92
6.2.4.4.3;c) Local common resources;94
6.2.4.4.4;d) Local labor market for specific skills;95
6.2.4.4.5;e) Valid policy measures;95
6.2.4.4.6;f) Public choice;96
6.2.4.4.7;g) Criticism;96
6.2.4.5;5. Jacob’s agglomeration model;96
6.2.4.5.1;a) Basic concepts and functions;96
6.2.4.5.2;b) Three key concepts (1): diversity;97
6.2.4.5.3;c) Three key concepts (2): form of contacts;98
6.2.4.5.4;d) Three key concepts (3): institutional support;99
6.2.4.5.5;e) Conduct and performance;99
6.2.4.5.6;f) Public support;100
6.2.4.5.7;g) Summary;102
6.2.4.6;6. Industrial clusters;103
6.2.4.6.1;a) Definition and classification;103
6.2.4.6.2;b) Governance of the industrial cluster;106
6.2.4.6.3;c) Ecosystem;107
6.2.4.6.4;d) Public policy;108
6.2.4.7;7. Self-choice type of industrial agglomerations;109
6.2.4.7.1;a) Feature;109
6.2.4.7.2;b) Structure, conduct and performance;109
6.2.4.7.3;c) Experiment: a new insolvency procedure to attract players?;110
6.2.5;V. Summary and Conclusion;111
6.3;Hideaki Shiroyama: Political Dimensions of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy and the Importance of Local Contexts;112
6.3.1;I. Introduction;112
6.3.2;II. Scope of Science, Technology and Innovation Policies;113
6.3.3;III. Risk Management;114
6.3.4;IV. Institutional Design of Risk Regulation;118
6.3.5;V. Promotion of Knowledge Production;121
6.3.6;VI. Social Introduction of Technology;125
6.3.7;VII. Mechanisms of Comprehensive Decision-Making and Decision Support Methods;127
7;II. Special Economic Zones and the Legal Environment;130
7.1;Tom Ginsburg: Special Economic Zones: A Constitutional Political Economy Perspective;132
7.1.1;I. Introduction;132
7.1.2;II. The Spatial Dimensions of Constitutional Regulation;133
7.1.3;III. Federalism;135
7.1.4;IV. Special Economic Zones as Asymmetric Federalism?;138
7.1.5;V. Mechanisms of Policy Transmission;139
7.1.6;VI. Conclusion;141
7.2;Carsten Herresthal: Protection of Freedom of Contract by Private Law after (Local) Deregulation;144
7.2.1;I. Introduction: Private Law as the Residual Legal Order;144
7.2.2;II. Main Functions of Private Law after Measures of Deregulation;146
7.2.2.1;1. Protection of freedom of contract by private law;146
7.2.2.1.1;a) Protection of free market decisions of the market participants;146
7.2.2.1.1.1;(1) Protection against restrictions by the state;147
7.2.2.1.1.2;(2) Protection against restrictions by other market participants;149
7.2.2.1.2;b) Protection of the free market;150
7.2.2.1.2.1;(1) Market power;151
7.2.2.1.2.2;(2) Asymmetric information;151
7.2.2.1.2.3;(3) Monopolies;152
7.2.2.1.3;c) Protection of competition;152
7.2.2.2;2. Enabling function of private law;153
7.2.2.3;3. Partial substitution of public law regulations with private law rules;154
7.2.2.3.1;a) Objectives of private law regulation;155
7.2.2.3.2;b) The case of private law compensation of market failure;155
7.2.3;III. Private Law Instruments;156
7.2.4;IV. The Enforcement of Private Law Rules;157
7.2.5;V. Special Private Law as an Adequate Means for Special Economic Zones?;158
7.2.5.1;1. Private law and national objectives;158
7.2.5.2;2. Experimental aspects within private law;160
7.2.5.3;3. Utilization of private law;161
7.2.5.4;4. The law of conflict of laws;163
7.2.6;VI. Summary;164
7.3; Wolfgang Wurmnest: Special Economic Zones, Deregulation and Competition Law;166
7.3.1;I. Introduction;166
7.3.2;II. Market Regulation and Competition Law;168
7.3.2.1;1. Constitutional and special regulation;168
7.3.2.2;2. Regulation needs justification;168
7.3.2.3;3. The role of competition law;171
7.3.3;III. Creating Economic Zones (Japan);173
7.3.3.1;1. Concept and implementation;173
7.3.3.1.1;a) A brief history of Special Economic Zones in Japan;173
7.3.3.1.2;b) The economic zones of the Abe administration;174
7.3.3.2;2. Regulatory competition and regional deregulation;174
7.3.3.2.1;a) Effects on competition;174
7.3.3.2.2;b) SEZs as useful laboratories;175
7.3.3.2.3;c) Possible limitations to ease the effects of distortion;176
7.3.3.3;3. Summary;177
7.3.4;IV. Deregulation of Monopolistic Markets (Europe);178
7.3.4.1;1. Deregulation in Europe;178
7.3.4.2;2. Complementing the competition rules;178
7.3.4.3;3. Importance of rigorous enforcement of unilateral conduct rules;179
7.3.4.4;4. Implications for Japan;181
7.3.5;V. Conclusion;184
8;III. Areas of Law Affected;186
8.1;?aslav Pejovi?: Japanese Labor Law: Hurdles on the Road to Abenomics;188
8.1.1;I. Introduction;188
8.1.2;II. Main Features of the Traditional Employment System;189
8.1.2.1;1. Long-term employment;189
8.1.2.2;2. Seniority system;191
8.1.2.3;3. Labor unions;191
8.1.2.4;4. Safety of employment;192
8.1.3;III. New Developments;196
8.1.3.1;1. Changes in the structure of employees;196
8.1.3.2;2. Changes in the wage and evaluation systems;198
8.1.3.3;3. Recent trends in dismissal law;199
8.1.3.4;4. Legal reforms;200
8.1.4;IV. Impact of Abenomics on Employment Policy;202
8.1.4.1;1. Special Economic Zones;203
8.1.4.2;2. Promotion of limited regular employment;205
8.1.5;V. Further Directions;207
8.1.5.1;1. Impact of demographic changes on labor;207
8.1.5.2;2. Government policy;208
8.1.5.3;3. Dismissal law may change?;210
8.1.5.4;4. Back to the future?;212
8.1.6;VI. Conclusion;213
8.2;Shinto Teramoto: How Industrial Policy Affects the Nurturing of Innovation – From the Perspective of Intellectual Property Rights;216
8.2.1;I. Laws and Governmental Activity Aimed at the Promotion of Innovation;217
8.2.1.1;1. Future innovation depends on past innovation;217
8.2.1.2;2. Future innovations occur at the intersection of past innovations;218
8.2.1.3;3. How intellectual property rights restrict the transfer of the effects of a past innovation;219
8.2.1.4;4. Trends emphasizing the role of diversity;221
8.2.2;II. Under what Conditions do IP Rights Promote a Wider and Quicker Diffusion of New Works of Authorship or Inventions Embodied in Products or Services?;223
8.2.2.1;1. Model;224
8.2.2.1.1;a) The basic concepts of the model;224
8.2.2.1.1.1;(1) Implementing the impact of a consumer network in the model;224
8.2.2.1.1.2;(2) Correcting the implicit assumption of limited demand;225
8.2.2.1.2;b) Designing a model;226
8.2.2.1.3;c) Parameters to assess the results of experiments on Model?;232
8.2.2.2;2. Discussion using Model?;233
8.2.2.2.1;a) Competition between suppliers, both with weak sales capabilities,in a market with limited demand;233
8.2.2.2.2;b) Competition between a supplier with stronger sales capabilities and another supplier with weaker sales capabilities in a market with limited demand;237
8.2.2.2.3;c) Competition between suppliers, both with strong sales capabilities, in a market with limited demand;241
8.2.2.2.4;d) Competition between suppliers, both with weak sales capabilities, in a market with growing demand;243
8.2.2.2.5;e) Competition between a supplier with stronger sales capabilities and another supplier with weaker sales capabilities in a market with growing demand;247
8.2.2.2.6;f) Competition between suppliers, both with strong sales capabilities, in a market with growing demand;251
8.2.2.3;3. Suggestions derived from the discussion using Model?;253
8.2.2.4;4. The viability of Model?;254
8.2.2.4.1;a) The advantage of Model? as opposed to conventional market models;254
8.2.2.4.2;b) The advantage of the models denoting a market with growing demand;255
8.2.3;III. Under which Conditions do IP Rights Help a New Entrant Supplier in a Market to Overcome its Disadvantage against Existing Suppliers?;256
8.2.3.1;1. The pros and cons of legal protection of intellectual property – from the perspective of new entrants to a market;256
8.2.3.2;2. Perspectives for devising a model to estimate the advantage of the respective suppliers in the market;257
8.2.3.3;3. Eigenvector centrality as an index;259
8.2.3.4;4. Designing a model;260
8.2.3.5;5. Examples of models;262
8.2.3.6;6. Suggestions derived from the experiments using Model?;268
8.2.4;IV. Conclusions and Suggestions for a Governmental Innovation Policy;269
9;Contributors;272

Über Autor(innen)

Kono, Toshiyuki
is Professor for International Legal Studies and Private International Law at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

Basedow, Jürgen
is Director em. of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law and Professor of Law, University of Hamburg.