Broemeling Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Test Accuracy

1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-1-4398-3879-2
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 487 Seiten

Reihe: Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series

Useful in many areas of medicine and biology, Bayesian methods are particularly attractive tools for the design of clinical trials and diagnostic tests, which are based on established information, usually from related previous studies. Advanced Bayesian Methods for Medical Test Accuracy begins with a review of the usual measures such as specificity, sensitivity, positive and negative predictive value, and the area under the ROC curve. Then the scope expands to cover the more advanced topics of verification bias, diagnostic tests with imperfect gold standards, and those for which no gold standard is available.

Promoting accuracy and efficiency of clinical trials, tests, and the diagnostic process, this book:

- Enables the user to efficiently apply prior information via a WinBUGS package

- Presents many ideas for the first time and goes far beyond the two standard references

- Integrates reader agreement with different modalities—X-ray, CT Scanners, and more—to study their effect on medical test accuracy

- Provides practical chapter-end problems

Useful for graduate students and consulting statisticians working in the various areas of diagnostic medicine and study design, this practical resource introduces the fundamentals of programming and executing BUGS, giving readers the tools and experience to successfully analyze studies for medical test accuracy.

Zielgruppe

Biostatisticans in diagnostic medicine; epidemiologists and radiologists in diagnostic imaging; pathologists in academic medical centers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Broemeling, Lyle D.

Fachgebiete

• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Bildgebende Verfahren, Nuklearmedizin, Strahlentherapie Radiologie, Bildgebende Verfahren
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pathologie, Cytopathologie, Histopathologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Epidemiologie, Medizinische Statistik
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizin, Gesundheitswesen Medizinische Mathematik & Informatik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Introduction
Introduction
Statistical Methods in Medical Test Accuracy
Datasets for This Book
Software
Bayesian Approach
References

Medical Tests and Preliminary Information
Introduction
Medical Imaging Tests
Other Medical Tests
Activities Involved in Medical Testing
Accuracy and Agreement
Developmental Trials for Medical Devices
Literature
References

Preview of the Book
Introduction
Preliminary Information
Fundamentals of Test Accuracy
Advanced Methods for Test Accuracy
References

Fundamentals of Diagnostic Accuracy
Introduction
Study Design
Bayesian Methods for Test Accuracy: Binary and Ordinal Data
Clustered Data: Detection and Localization
Comparing Accuracy between Modalities with Ordinal Scores
Exercises
References

Regression and Medical Test Accuracy
Introduction
Audiology Study
Receiver Operating Characteristic Area and Patient Covariates
Regression Methods for Continuous Test Scores
Exercises
References

Agreement and Test Accuracy
Introduction
Ordinal Scores with a Gold Standard
Continuous Scores with a Gold Standard
Agreement with Ordinal Scores and No Gold Standard
Other Measures of Agreement
Agreement and Test Accuracy
Kappa and Association
Consensus
Agreement with Multiple Raters and Ordinal Scores—No Gold Standard
Conclusions for Agreement and Accuracy
Exercises
References

Estimating Test Accuracy with an Imperfect Reference Standard
Introduction
Two Binary Tests
Posterior Distribution for Two Binary Tests
Posterior Distribution without Conditional Independence
Posterior Distribution Assuming Conditional Independence
Example of Accuracy for Diagnosing a Bacterial Infection
Accuracies of Two Binary Tests for Several Populations with Conditional Independence
Accuracies of Two Binary Tests without Conditional Independence: Two Populations
Multiple Tests in a Single Population
Multiple Tests without Conditional Independence
Two Ordinal Tests and the Receiver Operating
Characteristic Area
Exercises
References

Verification Bias and Test Accuracy
Introduction
Verification Bias and Binary Tests
Two Binary Tests
Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias
Two Ordinal Tests and Verification Bias
Two Ordinal Tests and Covariates
Inverse Probability Weighting
Without the Missing at Random Assumption
One Ordinal Test and the Receiver Operating Characteristic Area
Comments and Conclusions
Exercises
References

Test Accuracy and Medical Practice
Introduction
Choice of Optimal Threshold
Test Accuracy with Bayesian Decision Curves
Test Accuracy and Clinical Trials
Summary and Conclusions
Exercises
References

Accuracy of Combined Tests
Introduction
Two Binary Tests
Two Binary Tests and Several Readers
Accuracy of Combined Binary Tests with Verification Bias
Likelihood Ratio, the Risk Score, the Neyman–Pearson Lemma, and the Accuracy of Multiple Ordinal Tests
Accuracy of the Combined Test for Continuous Scores
Observations and Conclusions
Exercises
References

Bayesian Methods for Meta-Analysis
Introduction
Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve and Bilogistic Regression
Bayesian Analysis for Summary Accuracy
Meta-Analysis with Two Tests
Meta-Analysis with Study Covariates and One Test
Meta-Analysis with Covariates for Several Tests
Other Meta-Analyses
Comments and Conclusions
Exercises
References

Appendix: Introduction to WinBUGS
Introduction
Download
Essentials
Output
Another Example
Summary
References

Über Autor(innen)

Lyle D. Broemeling, Ph.D., is Director of Broemeling and Associates Inc., and is a consulting biostatistician. He has been involved with academic health science centers for about 20 years and has taught and been a consultant at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Texas School of Public Health. His main interest is in developing Bayesian methods for use in medical and biological problems and in authoring textbooks in statistics. His previous books are Bayesian Analysis of Linear Models, Econometrics and Structural Change(written with Hiraki Tsurumi), Bayesian Biostatistics and Diagnostic Medicine, and Bayesian Methods for Agreement.