Cryan / Leonard Depression: From Psychopathology to Pharmacotherapy

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-8055-9606-0
Verlag: S. Karger
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, Band 27, 274 Seiten

Reihe: Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry

Despite the availability of antidepressants for over 40 years, a substantial proportion of depressed patients do not respond adequately to treatment. Failure to respond effectively to treatment contributes to physical ill-health and psychiatric morbidity, often resulting in premature death of the depressed patient. The purpose of this volume is to consider the possible reasons for the limitations of the currently available antidepressants, to examine the advances in our understanding of the psychopathology of depression and how such knowledge may assist in the discovery of new methods of treatment. Leading international experts in this field discuss the possible underlying reasons for depression and limitations of current antidepressants. Opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to dysfunctional circadian rhythms and mood disorders as well as current status and future perspectives for optimizing antidepressant management of depression are reviewed. This publication illustrates the breadth of the latest research and is valuable reading for psychiatrists, neuroscientists and pharmacologists.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Cryan, J.F.

Leonard,

Leonard, B.E.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Leonard, B.E.

Fachgebiete

• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Allgemeine Psychologie Biologische Psychologie, Neuropsychologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pharmakotherapie, Psychopharmakotherapie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Klinische und Innere Medizin Neurologie, Klinische Neurowissenschaft
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Pharmakologie, Toxikologie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Psychiatrie, Sozialpsychiatrie, Suchttherapie
• Medizin | Veterinärmedizin Medizin | Public Health | Pharmazie | Zahnmedizin Medizinische Fachgebiete Neuropharmakologie, Psychopharmakologie
• Sozialwissenschaften Psychologie Psychotherapie / Klinische Psychologie Psychopathologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Cover;1
2;Contents;6
3;Preface;8
4;Antidepressants: Past and Present;10
4.1;Antidepressant Compounds: A Critical Review;10
4.1.1;Abstract;10
4.1.2;Traditional Paths for Development of Antidepressant Compounds;11
4.1.3;Current Antidepressant Drugs: Are They More Similar than Different?;17
4.1.4;Other Central Nervous System Drugs Exploited as Antidepressant Drugs or Augmentation Agents;20
4.1.5;Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurogenesis in Antidepressant Action;22
4.1.6;Discussion;23
4.1.7;References;24
5;Basic and Clinical Aspects of Depression Research;29
5.1;The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis inDepression;29
5.1.1;Abstract;29
5.1.2;Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (Corticotropin-Releasing Factor) in Depression;32
5.1.3;Vasopressin in Depression;33
5.1.4;Secretion of Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol in Depression;34
5.1.5;Dexamethasone Suppression Test;35
5.1.6;Adrenocorticotropin Stimulation Test;35
5.1.7;Serotonergic Stimulation;36
5.1.8;Early-Life Stress and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis;36
5.1.9;Effects of Antidepressants on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis;37
5.1.10;Cortisol Synthesis Inhibitors in the Treatment of Depression;37
5.1.11;Conclusions;38
5.1.12;References;38
5.2;Dysfunctional Circadian Rhythms and Mood Disorders: Opportunities for Novel Therapeutic Approaches;41
5.2.1;Abstract;41
5.2.2;Circadian Rhythms;42
5.2.3;Circadian Rhythms and Major Depression;43
5.2.4;Circadian Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder;46
5.2.5;The Molecular Clock and Bipolar Disorder;48
5.2.6;Circadian Genes and Bipolar Disorder;49
5.2.7;Therapeutic Options Based on Circadian Manipulation;53
5.2.8;Conclusions;55
5.2.9;References;56
5.3;The Concept of Depression as a Dysfunction of the Immune System;62
5.3.1;Abstract;62
5.3.2;Interrelationship between Cytokines and Brain Function: Relevance to Depression?;63
5.3.3;The Effect of Inflammatory Changes on Mood;65
5.3.4;The Role of Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines;66
5.3.5;Serotonin, Stress and Depression;68
5.3.6;Stress, Depression and Neurodegeneration;70
5.3.7;Antidepressants and Immune Regulation;72
5.3.8;Could the Inflammation Hypothesis of Depression Contribute to the Development of Novel Antidepressants?;74
5.3.9;References;77
5.4;The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Pathology and Treatment of Depression;81
5.4.1;Abstract;81
5.4.2;n–3 and n–6 Fatty Acids and Their Functions in the Brain and Immune System;82
5.4.3;Changes in n–3 and n–6 Fatty Acid Contents in Different Types of Depressed Patients;83
5.4.4;n–3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depression: Evidence from Clinical Trials;84
5.4.5;The Pharmacological and Therapeutic Mechanism of n–3 Fatty Acids for Treating Depression;90
5.4.6;Limitations and Future Research Directions;93
5.4.7;References;93
5.5;Overcoming Antidepressant Treatment Resistance: Focus on Glutamate;98
5.5.1;Abstract;98
5.5.2;Evidence of Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder;99
5.5.3;Ketamine as a Proof-of-Concept Glutamatergic Antidepressant;100
5.5.4;Conclusions and Future Directions;105
5.5.5;References;107
5.6;Neuroimaging and the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Needs;110
5.6.1;Abstract;110
5.6.2;The Pathophysiology of Depression: Imaging Studies;110
5.6.3;Combining Neuroimaging and Genotyping in the Study of Depression;119
5.6.4;Neuroimaging and the Treatment of Depression;122
5.6.5;The Future of Neuroimaging in Benefiting Individuals with Depression;128
5.6.6;References;128
6;Experimental Models of Depression and the Mechanisms of Action of Antidepressants;133
6.1;Animal Models of Depression – Where Are We Going?;133
6.1.1;Abstract;133
6.1.2;Traditional Animal Models of Depression;134
6.1.3;Endophenotype-Style Approaches;137
6.1.4;Depression and Comorbid Indications;140
6.1.5;Social Stress-Based Models;141
6.1.6;Genetic Predisposition;141
6.1.7;Incorporation of Human Findings;143
6.1.8;Conclusions and Outlook;144
6.1.9;References;145
6.2;Genetic Models of Depression and Antidepressant Response;148
6.2.1;Abstract;148
6.2.2;Rat Strains Showing Exaggerated Stress-Induced Behavioral Depression;149
6.2.3;Response to Antidepressant Drugs in Wistar-Kyoto Rats;152
6.2.4;Mouse Strains Showing Increased Depressive Behaviors;153
6.2.5;Measuring Antidepressant Responses in Different Mouse Strains;155
6.2.6;Murine Models of Deficient Monoamine Synthesis;157
6.2.7;Acknowledgements;160
6.2.8;References;160
6.3;The Role of 5-HT2C Receptors in the Antidepressant Response: A Critical Review;164
6.3.1;Abstract;164
6.3.2;The Relevance of 5-HT2C Receptors in Depression;164
6.3.3;Antidepressant Drugs Acting at 5-HT2C Receptors Moderate Stress and Anxiety;166
6.3.4;Implication of 5-HT2C Receptor Desensitization in the Effects of Antidepressant Drugs;171
6.3.5;Overview and Perspectives;182
6.3.6;Acknowledgements;183
6.3.7;References;183
6.4;Chromatin-Based Treatments for Affective Disorders – Insight or Utopia;191
6.4.1;Abstract;191
6.4.2;An Introduction to Epigenetics and Chromatin Modifications;192
6.4.3;DNA Methylation and Affective Disorders;195
6.4.4;Covalent Modifications of Histones and Affective Disorders;199
6.4.5;Conclusion;205
6.4.6;References;205
6.5;Neurotrophic Factors and Antidepressant Action: Recent Advances;208
6.5.1;Abstract;208
6.5.2;Neurotrophins: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Nerve Growth Factor, Neurotrophin 3 and Neurotrophin 4/5;210
6.5.3;Fibroblast Growth Factors;218
6.5.4;Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1;218
6.5.5;Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor;219
6.5.6;Transforming Growth Factor Family;221
6.5.7;Neuropoietic Cytokines;222
6.5.8;Conclusions;223
6.5.9;References;223
6.6;Neurogenic Basis of Antidepressant Action: Recent Advances;233
6.6.1;Abstract;233
6.6.2;Hippocampal Dysfunction in Depression;234
6.6.3;Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Background;234
6.6.4;Stress, Depression and Neurogenesis: Common Regulation Factors;235
6.6.5;Are Antidepressants Required for Antidepressant Efficacy?;240
6.6.6;Is Neurogenesis Crucial for All Aspects of the Antidepressant Action?;242
6.6.7;Key Factors Involved in the Neurogenic Effects of Antidepressants;244
6.6.8;Neurogenesis as an Etiological Factor of Depression;244
6.6.9;Conclusion;245
6.6.10;References;245
7;The Future of Antidepressants;252
7.1;The Nature and Treatment of Therapy-Resistant Depression;252
7.1.1;Abstract;252
7.1.2;Defining Therapy-Resistant Depression;252
7.1.3;Prevalence and Risk Factors for Therapy-Resistant Depression;253
7.1.4;Current State of Pharmacotherapy for Therapy-Resistant Depression;254
7.1.5;Advances in Neurostimulation Therapies;256
7.1.6;Conclusions;258
7.1.7;References;259
7.2;Optimizing Antidepressant Management o fDepression: Current Status and Future Perspectives;263
7.2.1;Abstract;263
7.2.2;Making Good with What Is Available…;263
7.2.3;Basic Psychopharmacology Principles;264
7.2.4;Making Good on the Future…;268
7.2.5;Conclusion;273
7.2.6;Acknowledgement;274
7.2.7;References;274
8;Author Index;277
9;Subject Index;278