The process by which organisms in Nature create minerals is known as biomineralization - a process that involves complex interactions between inorganic ions, crystals and organic molecules; resulting in a controlled nucleation and growth of minerals from aqueous solutions. During the last few decades, biomineralization has been intensively studied, due to its involvement in a wide range of biological events; starting with the formation of bones, teeth, cartilage, shells, coral (so-called physiological mineralization) and encompassing pathological mineralization, i.e. the formation of kidney stones, dental calculi, osteoporosis, arteriosclerosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, etc. During the same period, biomineralization has become a hot topic for world-wide research throughout the world, due to the growing expectations of a good quality and duration of life by the ever-increasing population of the aged. Young people, in particular, also make increasing demands on the quality and the appearance of the existing implants available on the market. The general goals of research and manufacture are now to create and improve implants for various applications in the human body, as well as to prevent diseases leading to the formation of minerals such as hydroxyapatite (implicated, for example, in osteogenesis, kidney stones, dental calculi, arteriosclerosis – all problems which mainly affect women).The results presented in this book will make a significant contribution to the application of the modified surfaces of widely-studied materials as a model system for hydroxyapatite-coating, to the cultivation of cells on surfaces, as well as to the growth of hydroxyapatite by applying new technologies (such as laser-liquid-solid interaction) that facilitate nucleation and growth. In this way, materials and layers having possible applications as implants, biosensors, etc. can be obtained. The in vitro system described here is universal and can be applied not only to the production of hydroxyapatite coatings for implants, but also to investigating the basic mechanisms of mineral-formation diseases and thus identify new directions for prophylaxis. This will then make a strong contribution to improving the quality and duration of life of the population.
Pramatarova / Pecheva
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Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
1. Introduction to Biomineralization and Biomaterials
1.1 Biological Mineralization. 1.2. Mechanism of Biomineralization
1.3. In Vitro Systems for Studying Biomineralization
1.4. Materials Commonly Used as Biomaterials
1.5. Review of Methods for the Surface Modification of Biomaterials
2. Experimental Approach
2.1. Choice of Materials
2.2. Crystallization Medium. Hydroxyapatite Growth on Solid Surfaces by Prolonged Soaking in an Aqueous Solution
2.3. Surface Modification of Materials
3. Hydroxyapatite Growth on Modified Surfaces by Using the Two Approaches: Results and Discussion
3.1. Prolonged Soaking in a Supersaturated Calcium Phosphate Aqueous Solution
3.2. Novel Process for Hydroxyapatite Growth: Simultaneous Laser-Liquid-Solid Interaction
3.3. Nanostructured Surfaces as a Template for Hydroxyapatite Growth by Applying Prolonged Soaking and Laser-Liquid-Solid Interaction Processes
3.4. Bioactivation of Porous Silicon by Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Using the Two Approaches
3.5. Influence of Organic Substances on the Process of Biomineralization
4. Summary and Conclusions
5. Acknowledgements
References
