Worthoff / Krojanski / Suter Medical Physics

Exercises and Examples
1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-3-11-030676-7
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 221 Seiten

Reihe: De Gruyter Textbook

This textbook contains a comprehensive collection of exercises in medical physics with numerous illustrations – ideally suited for teaching and learning. Introductory sections summarize contents and learning targets of each chapter.

Zielgruppe

Students und lecturers of physics, science and engeneering; academic libraries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Worthoff, Wieland Alexander

Krojanski, Hans Georg

Suter, Dieter

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Physik Angewandte Physik Medizinische Physik
• Interdisziplinäres Wissenschaften Wissenschaften Interdisziplinär Naturwissenschaften, Technik, Medizin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Part I Physics of the Body;11
2.1;1 Breathing and Metabolism;13
2.1.1;Overview;13
2.1.2;1.1 Breathing;14
2.1.3;1.2 Human Elevation Limits;16
2.1.4;1.3 Oxygen Transfer in the Brain;17
2.1.5;1.4 Photosynthesis;19
2.1.6;1.5 Erythrocytes: Oxygen Transport in the Body;21
2.1.7;1.6 Network Theory of the Human Breathing Apparatus;22
2.1.8;1.7 Transport Phenomena at the Cell Membrane;25
2.1.9;1.8 DielectricMeasurement of Exocytosis Processes;28
2.1.10;1.9 Diffusion and Scale Qualities;30
2.2;2 Biomechanics;33
2.2.1;Overview;33
2.2.2;2.1 Achilles Tendon;35
2.2.3;2.2 Bone Structures of the Ulna and Radius;36
2.2.4;2.3 Ski Bindings;41
2.2.5;2.4 Elasticity of the Vertebrae;43
2.2.6;2.5 Lifting a Patient;48
2.2.7;2.6 Animal Proportions;52
2.2.8;2.7 Bones of Uniform Strength;54
2.2.9;2.8 Lifting Weights;55
2.3;3 Fluid Dynamics of the Circulatory System;57
2.3.1;Overview;57
2.3.2;3.1 From the Aorta to the Capillaries;59
2.3.3;3.2 The Blood as a Power Fluid;60
2.3.4;3.3 Branching;63
2.3.5;3.4 Bypass;64
2.3.6;3.5 Hemorheometry Using a Rotating Sphere Viscometer;64
2.3.7;3.6 Flow Coefficients;67
2.3.8;3.7 Narrowing of the Aorta;69
2.3.9;3.8 Stepwise Narrowing of the Aorta;73
2.3.10;3.9 Blood Pressure in the Aorta;75
2.3.11;3.10 Pulsatile Blood Flow663.11 Cardiac Output;79
2.3.12;3.12 Mitral Valve Opening Surface;80
2.3.13;3.13 Dialysis;81
2.4;4 The Senses;83
2.4.1;Overview;83
2.4.2;4.1 Information Processing;87
2.4.3;4.2 Glasses;87
2.4.4;4.3 Geometry of Glasses Lenses;89
2.4.5;4.4 Optical Illusions;91
2.4.6;4.5 Retina Implantation;92
2.4.7;4.6 Threshold of Vision of the Human Eye;93
2.4.8;4.7 Visual Angle and Resolution;93
2.4.9;4.8 The Aphakic Eye;95
2.4.10;4.9 Threshold of Hearing, and Thermal Motion in Comparison;97
2.4.11;4.10 Sound Propagation;98
2.4.12;4.11 Loudspeakers;99
2.4.13;4.12 Threshold of Hearing;99
2.4.14;4.13 Sound Interference with Point Sources;100
2.4.15;4.14 Echolocation;101
2.4.16;4.15 Impedance Matching;101
2.4.17;4.16 Acoustic Pain Threshold;104
2.5;5 Electric Currents, Fields, and Potential;105
2.5.1;Overview;105
2.5.2;5.1 Nerve Conduction in the Giant Axons of Squid;107
2.5.3;5.2 Nerve Stimulation;108
2.5.4;5.3 Electrical Model of a Cell Membrane;108
2.5.5;5.4 Measurement of Cell Membrane Potentials;109
2.5.6;5.5 EKG and Cardiac Dipole;110
2.5.7;5.6 Electric Shock;113
2.6;6 Heat;115
2.6.1;Overview;115
2.6.2;6.1 Skiwear;116
2.6.3;6.2 Heat Loss;118
3;Part II The Physics of Diagnostics and Therapy;121
3.1;7 X-Ray Diagnostics and Computer Tomography;123
3.1.1;Overview;123
3.1.2;7.1 Bouguer–Lambert Law1167.2 X-Ray Tubes;129
3.1.3;7.3 Spectrum of an X-Ray Tube;130
3.1.4;7.4 Intensity Attenuation;131
3.1.5;7.5 Contrast;131
3.1.6;7.6 Scattered Radiation;135
3.1.7;7.7 Quantum Noise of an X-Ray Image Intensifier;136
3.1.8;7.8 Fourier Reconstruction of an Image;137
3.1.9;7.9 Radon Transform of a Circular Object;139
3.1.10;7.10 Beam Hardening and Partial Volume Artifacts in CT;140
3.1.11;7.11 Modulation Transfer Function of a CT Scanner;141
3.2;8 Ultrasound;145
3.2.1;Overview;145
3.2.2;8.1 Doppler Ultrasound;148
3.2.3;8.2 Impedance Matching for Sound Waves;149
3.2.4;8.3 Bats;152
3.2.5;8.4 Ultrasound Transducer Array;152
3.2.6;8.5 Material of an Ultrasonic Lens;154
3.2.7;8.6 Measurement of the Lens of the Eye using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique;155
3.2.8;8.7 Ultrasound Transducers;156
3.3;9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;157
3.3.1;Overview;157
3.3.2;9.1 Zeeman Effect and Nuclear Spin Resonance;162
3.3.3;9.2 Magnetization and its Relaxation;163
3.3.4;9.3 NMR Pulses and the Rotating Coordinate System;164
3.3.5;9.4 Fat Signal Suppression through Inversion Recovery;166
3.3.6;9.5 Gradient Echo;168
3.3.7;9.6 Contrast in MRI Imaging;169
3.3.8;9.7 BOLD;172
3.3.9;9.8 FOV and Resolution;172
3.3.10;9.9 Slice Selection;173
3.3.11;9.10 Longitudinal Relaxation Time;174
3.3.12;9.11 Frequency and Phase Encoding;175
3.3.13;9.12 Gradient Strength and Field of View (FOV);176
3.3.14;9.13 Muscle Stimulation Using Pulsed Gradients;177
3.3.15;9.14 Multislice Technique In Spin-Echo Procedure;177
3.3.16;9.15 Turbo Spin-Echo Sequences;178
3.3.17;9.16 Radiation Protection inMRI (HF Absorption);179
3.4;10 Nuclear Diagnostics and Positron Emission Tomography;181
3.4.1;Overview;181
3.4.2;10.1 Decay Reaction;183
3.4.3;10.2 Age of a Mummy;184
3.4.4;10.3 Iodine;185
3.4.5;10.4 Photomultiplier;186
3.4.6;10.5 Radionuclide Generator;188
3.4.7;10.6 Positron Emission Tomography;188
3.5;11 Reconstruction Techniques;191
3.5.1;Overview;191
3.5.2;11.1 Discrete Fourier Transform;194
3.5.3;11.2 Transfer Function;194
3.5.4;11.3 Filtered Back Projection;197
3.6;12 Radiation Medicine and Protection;203
3.6.1;Overview;203
3.6.2;12.1 Interactions of a High-Energy Primary Photon;206
3.6.3;12.2 Pair Production in Radiation Therapy;207
3.6.4;12.3 Compton Scattering;208
3.6.5;12.4 Radiation Damage from Potassium;208
3.6.6;12.5 Lethal Energy Dose;209
3.6.7;12.6 Fatal Dose Equivalents;209
3.6.8;12.7 Dose Burden from Milk Consumption;212
3.7;13 Laser Therapy;213
3.7.1;Overview;213
3.7.2;13.1 Lasers in Ophthalmology;214
3.7.3;13.2 Optical Sizing of Bacteria;215
3.7.4;13.3 Small Particles in Optical Tweezers;217
4;A Constants, Material Parameters, and Values;223
4.1;A.1 Table of Values;223
5;B Relevant Literature;225
5.1;B.1 Physics;225
5.2;B.2 Medical Physics;225
5.3;B.3 Mathematics;226
5.4;B.4 Medicine, Biology, and Chemistry;226
5.5;B.5 Manuscripts and Additional References;227

Über Autor(innen)

D. Suter, TU Dortmund; H. G. Krojanski, RRZN; W. Worthoff, FZ Jülich.